What temperature of the heating radiator should be in apartments according to snip

Many modern residential apartments are equipped with autonomous heating. There is no question of norms here. Everyone sets the water temperature in the radiators as desired and pays according to the meter. However, most houses still have central heating, where the temperature in the radiators is regulated by regulations. When it gets cold in the apartment, people wonder what the normal temperature of the water in the central heating radiators is.

Radiators according to GOST standards

What temperature should radiators be in winter?

If the apartment is still cold when the heating season begins, you need to find out the reasons for this deviation. The most common is airiness in the system, which is easy to deal with on your own. If radiators and pipes work normally, most likely, the standard heat in the apartment does not depend on them.

Standards

Heat transfer standards for batteries are the values established by law for heating radiators, which are necessary to maintain a comfortable microclimate in a living space and are +18...+25°C. They are established by SNiP 41-01-2003.

Minimum and maximum value

Legislation establishes standards for heat supply indicators:

The battery temperature of +95°C is maximum if a two-pipe heating system is used.
+115°C is the maximum threshold for houses with a single-pipe system.
The optimal heat transfer from radiators in winter is +80…+90°C. An increase to +100°C is dangerous due to boiling of the coolant. To lower the heating level, you need to install a regulator.

The minimum value is dependent on the outside air temperature in winter: it increases from +39°C at +5°C to +70°C at -15°C. A specific minimum size has not been established; heating is designed to provide heat in the living space at the proper level.

Parameters for turning on the heating

Heating is supplied in accordance with the standards prescribed in Decree No. 354 of 2011.

It contains information that heat is supplied to apartment buildings at an air temperature outside the window of +8°C, which persists for 5 days. If there are changes in temperature, the radiators will remain cold.

IMPORTANT! The heating is turned on only on the sixth day. Basically, in all regions, the heating season begins on October 15 and lasts until April 15.

Heating radiator temperature in the apartment: normal

Minimum indicator

It happens that even when the heating is turned on, there is still not enough heat in the apartment. This happens if the standard temperature of the heating radiators in the apartment does not correspond to the real one. As a rule, this happens for several reasons, the most popular of which is airiness in the system. To eliminate it, you can call a specialist or handle it yourself using a Mayevsky crane.

If the culprit is the unsuitability of batteries or pipes, then you cannot do without specialists. In any case, the period when the heating system was not working and the temperature of the radiators in the apartment did not meet the standards according to GOST standards should not be paid by the consumer.

Unfortunately, there is no minimum standard for the temperature of heating radiators in an apartment, so you have to navigate by the air temperature in the room. What heating temperature should be in the apartment? Heating standards for an apartment in an apartment building should vary from +16 to +25 degrees.

In order to document that the temperature of the heating pipes in the apartment does not correspond to the norm, you need to invite a representative of the organization that provides heat to the house.

Maximum indicator

Heating parameters in an apartment building are described in some detail in SNiP 41-01 of 2003:

If the building uses a two-pipe heating structure, then the maximum permissible radiator temperature is considered to be +95 degrees.
For a single-pipe system, the temperature of the heating pipes in the apartment is +115.
The optimal temperature of heating radiators in an apartment (the norm in winter) is +80-90 degrees. If it approaches +100 °C, urgent measures are needed to prevent the coolant from boiling in the system.

Although radiator manufacturers indicate on their products the maximum temperature threshold is quite high, you should not reach it too often, as this can lead to their failure.

To make sure that the heating standards in the apartment in winter correspond to the guests, you need to measure the temperature of the radiators.

For this:

You can use a regular medical thermometer, but keep in mind that you will need to add a couple of degrees to its result.
Use an infrared thermometer.
If you only have an alcohol thermometer at hand, then you need to tape it tightly to the radiator, after wrapping it in heat-insulating material.

If the temperature does not coincide with the norm, then you need to write a request to the heating network office to carry out a control measurement. Based on this request, a commission must come and make all the calculations.

Pyrometer and how to work with it

A pyrometer is an infrared thermometer. It determines temperature by electromagnetic radiation. An accurate engineering device allows you to quickly measure the temperature of an object located at a distance not exceeding three meters from the device.

Heating standards

But even this excellent equipment is capable of producing errors, which is what negligent utility workers take advantage of. When measuring temperature, the device readings will be erroneous if:

in a relatively small room there are many objects made from various materials;
there is high humidity or a lot of dust in the room;
the temperature of the device differs significantly from the room temperature;
the distance to the measured object exceeds 3 m;
the room is very large.

Heating standards for individual heating systems

Apartment with autonomous heat supply

In this case, the concept of heating norm should be understood as the heat transfer of a heating device, which is per unit area of the room where this device is installed. It is worth distinguishing between the concepts of “radiator” and “heating device”. For example, ventilation and air conditioning while simultaneously heating it, which is performed using combined air conditioners, does not fall under the concept of either a radiator or a heating device.

The formula for determining the norm for heat supply systems with a known thermal power of the heating device P, W has the form:

Here S is the area of the room in m2 for which this calculation is performed; h – height of the room in m; 41 – empirical coefficient of minimum thermal power for premises with permanent location of people.

The resulting value must be correlated with the actual heat transfer of the heating device. Depending on the type of heating system, this parameter per section is:

For cast iron radiators - 90-160 W (higher data corresponds to a maximum coolant temperature of 90°C; for lower values, the heating rate should be proportionally recalculated).
For steel radiators - 60-170 W (as the coolant temperature decreases, the thermal power of steel radiators drops more sharply than that of cast iron ones).
For aluminum and bimetallic radiators 160-200 W.

Dividing the P value by the standard heat transfer rate of a radiator of a certain type, we obtain the number of sections required to ensure the required standards. All that remains is to purchase them. Thus, for an individual home, compliance with the thermal regime is ensured mainly due to the design features of heating devices.

To increase the accuracy of calculating standards, it is necessary to take into account the method of connecting heating devices. Thus, with a bottom connection, the standard thermal power of radiators is reduced by 10%, and when connected via a single-pipe system - by 25-30%.

It should be noted that the thermal power of a heating device of any type is largely determined by the permissible pressure of the coolant that is pumped through this device. The minimum pressure in the heating system must be at least 2-4 atm. and the maximum is 6-8 atm. In the first case, heating will be extremely ineffective, and in the second, the pipelines may not withstand it. Thus, heating standards for an individual house (or for autonomous heating of an apartment) are calculated depending on the type of heating devices and the actual coolant pressure in the heating system.

conclusions

The legislator established standards for the characteristics of the heating system, paying special attention to the optimal temperature in the living room. Its value is the most important for residents, and it is also easy to check. If it is lower than required, it means the battery is not heated enough. And in case of non-compliance with the standards, you can file a complaint with the service organizations, not forgetting about recalculating the fee if it is discovered that heating services are of inadequate quality.

Lawyer. Member of the Bar Association of St. Petersburg. More than 10 years of experience. Graduated from St. Petersburg State University. I specialize in civil, family, housing, and land law.

What state standards regulate heat supply?

GOSTs or state quality standards serve to regulate relations between the consumer and the manufacturer/supplier of any product or service. In this case, the manufacturer or supplier of heating services is the heating company (boiler house). Housing and communal services are a legal entity whose responsibilities, according to the contract, include providing citizens with heating services. The consumer of such a service is, accordingly, any person who has entered into an agreement for the provision of services with the company.

And in each specific situation, the state standard will determine acceptable norms, boundaries of norms and deviations from them for each industry. It is these standards that regulate what temperature of heating radiators in an apartment is normal. Reaching what degrees constitutes a violation of state standards and what measures should be taken?

So what standard determines what the desired temperature of the battery in the apartment should be? GOST 30494-2011 is a quality standard required by the state for all service providers to properly perform their services. determines everything related to heat in a comfortable apartment.

But whatever the heating temperature in the apartment, the norm should always be within the range of 20 to 22 degrees Celsius in order for the room to be suitable for habitation. The minimum mark according to sanitary standards is 18 degrees Celsius. The temperature in the room should not be below this mark (provided that your windows are closed and the room is sealed, heating elements and other additional heating devices are not turned on)

It is also worth noting that today the GOST standard for the temperature of heating radiators in an apartment is not a mandatory rule, but has only a recommendatory quality standard, which the service company is free to adhere to or not to adhere to at its discretion. In practice, it is almost impossible to force a heating company to comply with GOST requirements. Also, the rule about what the temperature of the batteries in an apartment should be is regulated by SANPIN standards. And although GOST standards are legally higher than SANPIN standards, it is the latter that are used as a measure of standards in enterprises. This means that it will depend on them what the temperature of the heating radiators in the apartment will be.

Measurement

If apartment residents have doubts about the quality work of the heat supply company and the room is very cold, it is necessary to establish the cause of the poorly heated radiators. First of all, you will need to measure the temperature of the pipes, radiator, air in the room and the water itself in the heating system.

It must be borne in mind that self-conducted measurements cannot be presented as evidence of violation of standards. But based on them, you can file a complaint and subsequently invite employees of the service company for control measurements.

Temperature conditions in various rooms and their standards

Although the standards for apartments in apartment buildings are determined by regulatory documents, they differ somewhat depending on the location of the dwelling in the building structure. Thus, the heat standard in a corner apartment in winter, which is exposed to frost and wind more than other rooms, ranges from +20 °C.

Inside the apartment, different temperature standards also apply for different rooms, depending on their purpose. Thus, GOST establishes the following permissible and optimal values for:

living rooms - 18 °C (20-22);
kitchens - 20°C (22-23);
combined toilets and bathrooms - 18 °C (24-26);
toilets - 18 °C (19-21);
premises for study and recreation - 18 °C (20-22);
pantries - 14 °C (16-18);
inter-apartment corridors - 16 °C (18-20);
staircases, lobbies -12°C (16-18).

According to the same GOST, from 24:00 to 5:00 in residential premises the temperature can be reduced by 3°C.

Actions in the absence of heat

If there is any discrepancy between the heating system and GOST, you need to find the cause of the cold radiators. The best person to deal with this will be the specialists of the supplier company, who will be able to officially record the temperature in the living room.

If the problem is caused by poor quality maintenance of the systems of an apartment building, then the solution to the problem lies entirely with the organization supplying the heat. At the same time, all residents should be recalculated for heat or they should be completely exempt from paying if the radiators did not heat at all.

Any application from the residents of the house to the communal structure must be considered as soon as possible, and the commission must record on the spot the fact of inadequacy of the services provided.

Knowing what the temperature of the radiators in the apartment should be and at what period the heating starts, each resident of an apartment building can determine for himself whether the temperature indicators comply with the established standards. This will help you take action in time and solve the heat problem.

How to determine that the water temperature in radiators is below normal

A device that measures surface temperature with a beam.

The quality of heating is often determined by the air temperature in the room. If you feel that the rooms are cool, you need to measure the temperature. The maximum permissible temperature is +18 degrees. If it is lower, then you need to identify the cause. The main reasons may be leaky windows and doors, but a more compelling reason is low water temperature in the radiators.

To determine what the temperature of the batteries in your apartment should be, there are special calculations. They are compiled by specialists who compare the temperature of the water in the radiators and the ambient temperature. You need to call a special service that will measure the temperature in the heating radiators in your apartment. The obtained data is compared with the temperature graph data. This graph has already calculated what temperature should be in the direct and return water supply pipes.

Table. Temperature graph of the ratio of heating to ambient temperature.

Ambient temperature

Direct water temperature

Return water temperature

These data are given for a single-pipe heating system, with water supplied from bottom to top. According to the table, when the outside air temperature is, for example, -10 degrees Celsius, the return water temperature should be at least 63 degrees. And this does not depend on which floor the measurements are taken - on the first or fifth. In a two-pipe heating system, the water temperature at -15 outside is allowed to be 95 degrees with direct water supply.

Each locality has its own temperature chart. It is approved by the city administration.

If the battery temperature in the apartment is below normal, this means that the boiler room is saving on heating. After water measurements, specialists draw up a report, and utility workers must correct all problems. At the same time, everyone has the right to demand a recalculation of heating fees. The rent should be reduced according to the square footage of the apartment. The temperature of the water in the radiators is one of the main factors in a warm home. According to battery temperature standards, a coolant must be supplied to the apartment, the degree of heating of which ranges between 80-85 degrees.

It is very simple to make heating with heating elements in your home, and each heat exchanger will not depend on the others. To do this, simply screw the heating element into the bottom end of the battery and connect it to the electrical network.

Here you will find everything about infrared heating of a private house: reviews, calculations and drawings.

Fight for warmth

It is better to think about possible heat loss in your home in the summer. But if this has not been done, then it is possible to insulate the house with the onset of winter. The first thing to do is to identify weak points where heat loss is possible.

Windows according to standards

The main source of cold is windows. Nowadays there are double-glazed windows above heating radiators and radiators almost everywhere. But even plastic window frames age. The sealing rubber becomes unusable.

Central heating in the apartment

The windows begin to let in the cold. The easiest way is to stretch plastic film over the frames. It is sold in stores in rolls. This material does not have any effect on the transparency of the glass. Heat loss in radiators or radiators will be reduced.

The film is fixed to the glass. Before this, the frames are thoroughly washed. Double-sided tape is applied around the perimeter. A film is attached to it. It's easier to do this together.

Battery on the wall

If wrinkles have formed on the coating, heat the film with a hairdryer until they straighten out. Then all that remains is to seal the frames. They do this with single-sided tape. Such a simple method helps to retain up to 20% of heat.

Every morning you should open the curtains and raise the blinds. The apartment is perfectly warmed by sunlight penetrating into the room through the glass. Double glass frames create a magnifying effect, enhancing the warmth of sunlight. When it gets dark, the windows should be closed. At night, glass draws heat out of the room.

Radiator under the central window

Batteries according to standards

The batteries are located along the walls. Dank damp partitions take away heat. A simple reflector will help avoid this. A reflector is not a technical device. This is simply a sheet of foil attached to a radiator or radiator.

The reflector sheet is made slightly larger than the area occupied by the radiator or radiator. A homemade reflector will raise the room temperature by at least 2 degrees.

Porilex and penofol have lower thermal conductivity than foil. This is facilitated by the insulation layer they have.

Heating batteries

It is necessary to require compliance with water standards in heating devices from utility services. But the comfort in the house cannot be left only to the mercy of the management company. It is always safer to take care of the microclimate in your home yourself.

Temperature of heating radiators in the apartment: standards

Apartment heating standards determine the specific value of a sufficient indicator for residential and non-residential premises, with permissible deviations from their indicators.

They are developed more simply than for work premises, since those living in the housing exhibit low and, at the same time, stable activity:

For residential premises, the air temperature is from 20 to 22 degrees Celsius, while acceptable limits are considered to be from 18 to 24 degrees;
If we take corner rooms, then the indicator should not be less than twenty degrees, since such rooms are more susceptible than others to low external temperatures and winds;

What temperature should the apartment be during the heating season?

What to do if the radiators in the apartment are cold, read here.

The kitchen is a work space where, in most cases, there is a heat source - an electric or gas oven. The temperature in this room should be between 19-21 degrees. Acceptable is from 18 to 26 degrees;
The optimal temperature for toilets is 19-21 degrees. The limit values range from 18 to 26. One way or another, bathrooms are not among the coolest rooms;
The bathroom is a hot room because it has a fairly high level of humidity. The minimum temperature here ranges from 18 to 24 degrees. The permissible maximum is 26 degrees. But still, at another 20 degrees, the comfort of using this room decreases;
For non-residential premises, the temperature is calculated based on the frequency of their operation. In corridors, the acceptable temperature level is 18-20 degrees, however, 16 is also acceptable. For storerooms, the air temperature should be 16-18 degrees. Permissible limits are 12 and 22 degrees.

Since the need for heat during sleep is somewhat reduced, according to GOST, it is allowed to lower the temperature level in residential premises to 3 degrees from 00.00 to 05.00 in the morning. Such a decrease in the norm will not be considered a violation.

What are the requirements for the heating system?

The heating process in a multi-storey building is based on the results of many engineering calculations, sometimes they are not so successful.

The complexity of the process lies not in the delivery of heated water to the facility (building), but in its uniform distribution throughout all apartments, under the conditions of ensuring standard temperature indicators and optimal humidity in the apartments.

How effective such a system will be directly depends on the coherence of all its elements, including pipes and radiators in each apartment.

For this reason, replacing radiator batteries without taking into account the features of the heating system can lead to extremely undesirable consequences: one of the apartments may experience a shortage of heat, while another will have an excess of it.

It is through the establishment of standards that optimization of heating of city apartments is achieved:

Safety requirements determine that the temperature of the coolant in the heating system should be 20 degrees less than the temperature of materials that tend to spontaneously ignite. For multi-apartment residential buildings, the standard coolant temperature should be in the range from 65 to 115 degrees, taking into account the season;
When water overheats to 105 degrees, measures must be taken to prevent the liquid from boiling;
The standard limit for the temperature of water flowing through heating radiators is 75 degrees. If this value is exceeded, the battery must have a restrictive design;
The heating season in mid-latitudes begins in mid-October and ends in mid-April. In reality, service providers must initiate the start of heating from the moment when an average daily temperature of no higher than 8 degrees is recorded for five consecutive days.

When does the heating season start?

According to the law, the launch time for the central system occurs in the fall, from October 1 to October 15. The specific date is determined by local governments and given an order by the RSO or CHP. An early start to the heating season is possible when it is less than +8°C outside for five days in a row.

The management company has drawn up a schedule for connecting houses, which they put into action immediately after starting heating. First of all, socially significant facilities are connected: hospitals, schools, kindergartens. Then the valves are opened on the remaining residential buildings one by one.

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This process is necessary to promptly eliminate ruptures and leaks if they occur. The increase in heat level in the system occurs gradually, but the bill will come in full.

ADVICE! In order for the calculation to take place only for actual consumption, you need to install heat meters.

If the temperature in the apartment is below normal, what to do?

If during the measurements a deviation from the norm was found to be smaller, it is necessary to notify the utility service or management company that services the apartment building. She sends an emergency team to draw up a measurement report. This is an official document containing a number of details, on the basis of which a decision is made to recalculate utility bills for services. It is drawn up in two copies, one of which remains in the hands of the tenant.

If there is a significant deviation from the norm, the management company is obliged to recalculate heating payments for the month in which these deviations were discovered.

For example. During the heating season, the air temperature in the corner room is fixed at 16 °C (the norm is +20 °C) 14 hours from the design period (it is 720 hours). After taking readings from an individual metering device, the thermal energy consumption for the past month amounted to 0.7 Gcal at a tariff of 1,900 rubles. 32 kopecks for 1 Gcal. Since the air temperature was below normal, the amount of payment for heating is reduced by 0.15% for each hour when it is recorded in the act.

Recalculation of utility bills for heating

The fee for 14 hours when heating was provided of inadequate quality is reduced by: 0.15% x 14 hours = 2.1%.
Standard payment for heat in the billing period (30 days or 720 hours): 0.8 Gcal multiplied by the tariff of 1,900 rubles. 32 kopecks total 1,520 rub. 25 kopecks
As a result, after the reduction we get: 1,520 rubles. 25 kopecks x (100% - 2.1%) = 1,488 rubles. 32 kopecks

There are cases when patient residents measure their temperature for several days and during this period it constantly falls short of the norm. Then the fee reduction becomes significant. But not every management company is ready to unquestioningly recalculate the cost of heating services. Often, dissatisfied tenants can only defend their rights in court.

Please note that heat payments can only be recalculated once a calendar year. The process of registration and collection is quite lengthy, requiring scrupulousness and a large number of documents.

What to do

If there is a problem with cold batteries, you need to clarify whether it arose in a specific room or whether other residents also suffer from it. If the quality of heating does not meet the standards, you can file a collective or individual complaint:

To a service organization (management company, construction cooperative, etc.).
To the service provider.
To the emergency dispatch service.
Housing inspection.

Once accepted, the complaint must be registered. After which, they must establish the reason and draw up an act of violation. Based on this document, a recalculation is made for the period when there was no heat.

If there is no response to the complaint and no action is taken to correct problems in the heating system, you need to contact Rospotrebnadzor.

Heat supply requirements

According to the above-mentioned Resolution, central heating is launched after 5 days, during which the average outside air temperature does not exceed +8 °C. If after 4 cold days it becomes warm again on the fifth, the start of the heating period is delayed until the specified conditions are met. Heating standards stipulate that stopping heating occurs according to the same principle: 5 days must pass with an average daily temperature of +8 °C.

The Decree contains changes that provide for an individual approach to the supply of heat to buildings that fully comply with the requirements for thermal insulation. Heating supply organizations are required to turn on the heating of such houses as soon as the outside temperature drops to the value specified in the design documentation. It is not difficult to guess that in reality these changes are not being carried out very well, and the start of heat supply occurs simultaneously in all residential buildings - insulated and ordinary.

During the heating season, the centralized heating system must provide multi-apartment residential buildings with a sufficient amount of thermal energy. In order for the heat supply service to be considered fully provided, the following requirements for permissible air temperature in premises for various purposes must be met:

living rooms - from 18 to 24 °C, corner rooms - from 20 °C;
bathroom (or separate toilet and bathroom) - from 18 to 26 °C;
kitchen (taking into account the heat source in the form of a stove) - from 18 to 26 ° C;
pantry - from 12 to 22 °C;
corridor - from 16 to 20 °C.

For apartment buildings located in cold northern regions, the lower limit of permissible temperature in living rooms is increased to +20 °C (in corner rooms up to +22 °C). The increase comes into force provided that the frost outside reaches -31 °C (on average per day) and lasts for at least 5 days. It is also allowed to decrease the temperature in the apartment by 3 °C from midnight to 5.00 am.

The heat supply to a number of apartments or the building as a whole may be interrupted as a result of an emergency and unforeseen repairs. But regulatory documents allot a certain time for carrying out repair work, depending on weather conditions. The colder the outside air, the sooner the relevant service must repair the fault. The total duration of interruptions in heating operation is no more than 24 hours per month.

How to reduce your heating bills

To do this, the owner or tenant must contact the billing company. When applying, a statement is written indicating the name of the owner or tenant, address and the period for which the receipts need to be recalculated. Copies of supporting documents are attached to the application.

Reasons why recalculation should be carried out

According to clause 6 of Appendix 1 to Resolution No. 354, the fee is reduced if there is no heat supply for more than 24 hours during the month in total or more than 16 hours at a time. If the room is warmer than 12°, recalculation is carried out in the absence of heat for 8 hours, and at 8 degrees - less than 4 hours. Charges are withdrawn for the whole day.
If there was no heat supply for several days, the entire period is removed from the calculation. As a rule, the heating companies and the management company have information about outages, so the payment will be recalculated automatically.
Another reason for recalculation is errors in calculations and databases. In most cases, the amount will be reduced without the owner’s request, but sometimes an application is required, accompanied by supporting documents.
Adjustment for monthly calculation of the average amount for heat supply. With this method, accruals are made year-round in equal parts, based on last year’s average. At the end of the year, accruals are adjusted. Recalculation is carried out without an application.
Correction of meter data - a situation arises when a heat meter fails. If the readings are incorrect, a recalculation is carried out based on the average data for the previous period.

Water temperature in the heating system of an apartment building GOST

If hourly deviations from standard parameters are noticed, then the heating fee should be reduced by 0.15%.

This document must be drawn up in two copies, one of which remains with the owner of the apartment. This can be done by calling the manager of the management company, or leaving a written request. In case of violations on the common water supply line, the dispatcher informs the caller about this.

It should be noted that this temperature standard is valid after the opening of the heating season, and there are no indicators for the off-season. You also need to know that hot water must have a temperature from +50°C to +70°C (SNiP 2.08.01.89 “Residential buildings”). It is measured by opening the tap and lowering the thermometer into the container to a special mark.

If the radiators do not warm the room, then the water from the tap will be at a lower temperature, and residents can write an application to the DEZ requesting an inspection.

After inspecting the water supply and heating system, utility workers draw up a report, one copy of which remains with the residents. If the complaint is confirmed, specialists are obliged to correct everything within one day to a week.

Also, if the water temperature in the heating radiators was 3°C lower (during the day) and 5°C lower (at night) than the standard, then the rent is recalculated.

Definition of water

It is impossible to measure the water temperature in a central heating system with reliable accuracy. Only air temperature can be determined most accurately. You can measure it as follows:

Open the tap (provided that it is installed in the apartment).
Place a container with a thermometer.
Fill with water.
Wait for the thermometer result.

A slight upward deviation of 4°C is allowed.

DHW

You can set the temperature in another way. Since batteries and hot water supply are interconnected, it is more advisable to measure the temperature through a hot tap.

To measure, place a container with a thermometer under running hot water. In a few minutes you can see the results. If the mark shows 60-75°C, the coolant meets the norm.

ATTENTION! If the temperature is lower, it means the water is not heated enough.

Radiator

Measuring their temperature is easy:

You need to take a regular thermometer and apply it to the battery. Wait a few minutes until it warms up. Add 1-2 degrees to the result obtained.
Measurement using an infrared thermometer. They have a small error and do not need to come into direct contact with the heating device. The result is quite fast.
Use an electrical device with a sensor and a thermal lamp. By installing the sensor on the battery, the device will display the value.

Factors affecting the temperature in the apartment

The air temperature in a living room in winter is important. It is formed not only through the influence of heating devices

The following factors should also be taken into account:

Climatic conditions of a specific region

The minimum temperature plays an important role. Season. The premises are heated not only in winter

The devices also work in spring and autumn. At the same time, temperature indicators during this period are different. Human factor or individual preferences. Materials that were used to build the house. Today, quite often an additional layer of insulation or waterproofing is used.

The permissible wall temperature in an apartment, according to current standards, should not be lower than 20° degrees. Otherwise, it will not be possible to create comfortable living conditions in the room. It is also affected by the weather and dew point.

Batteries

The heating of a living space is influenced by many factors: technical characteristics, thermal conductivity, installation of batteries, etc. Their correct installation and operation will create the necessary conditions for heating radiators in living rooms to comply with current standards.

It is worth paying attention to the number of battery sections. A coolant heated to the same temperature with a different number of sections will heat differently.

Heating standards for apartment buildings heated centrally

These norms are the most “ancient”. They were calculated at a time when they did not save on fuel for heating the coolant, the batteries were hot. But houses were built mainly from materials that were “cold” in terms of heat-saving qualities, that is, from concrete panels.

Times have changed, but the norms remain the same. According to the current GOST R 52617-2000, the air temperature in residential premises should not be lower than 18°C (for corner rooms - at least 20°C). At the same time, the organization that supplies thermal energy has the right to reduce the air temperature at night (0-5 hours) by no more than 3°C. Heating standards are set separately for different rooms of the apartment: for example, in the bathroom it should be at least 25°C, and in the corridor - at least 16°C.

Society has been fighting for a long time, and at times not unsuccessfully, to change the procedure for determining heating standards, tying them not to the air temperature in the premises, but to the average temperature of the coolant. This indicator is much more objective for consumers, although it is unprofitable for the heat energy supplier. Judge for yourself: the temperature in residential premises often depends not only on the operating system, but on the nature of a person’s life activity and living conditions.

For example, the thermal conductivity of brick is much lower than that of concrete, so in a brick house at the same temperature you will have to spend less thermal energy. In rooms such as the kitchen, the process of cooking food does not generate much less heat than from radiators.

Much also depends on the design features of the heating devices themselves. For example, panel heating systems will have a higher heat transfer rate than cast iron radiators at the same air temperature. Thus, heating standards tied to air temperature are not entirely fair. This method takes into account the outside air temperature below 8°C. If such a value is recorded for three days in a row, the heat generating organization must unconditionally supply heat to consumers.

For the middle zone, the calculated values of the coolant temperature depending on the external air temperature have the following values (for the convenience of using these values using household thermometers, temperature indicators are rounded):

Outside air temperature, °C

Temperature of network water in the supply pipeline, °C

Using the table above, you can easily determine the water temperature in a panel heating system (or any other) by using a regular thermometer at the time of draining part of the coolant from the system. For the forward branch, use the data in columns 5 and 6, and for the return branch, use the data in column 7. Note that the first three columns establish the release temperature of the water, that is, without taking into account losses in the transmission main pipelines.

If the actual coolant temperature does not correspond to the standard temperature, this is the basis for a proportional reduction in the payment for the central heating services provided.

There is also an option to install heat meters, but it only works when all apartments in the building are served by a centralized heating system. In addition, such meters are subject to annual mandatory inspection.

Temperature measurement techniques

An ordinary household thermometer on the surface of a heating device. A device designed to measure temperature in a non-contact manner. Such a meter is called -

. Alcohol thermometer. A special electrical device. If you take measurements with an ordinary thermometer, you will need to add a few more degrees to the indicators. The most accurate readings can be obtained using an infrared device - a pyrometer. Its error is no more than 0.5 degrees. To regularly monitor temperature, use only the safest device - an alcohol thermometer. For these purposes, it is attached to the radiator using tape and wrapped in thermal insulation material. How to use the electric version of the thermometer? You need to take a wire with a thermocouple and attach it to the heating device. This is how the indicators are taken. If a commission comes to your apartment to measure the temperature of the batteries, they must have a certified device. You have the right to demand from a representative of the inspecting organization documents confirming that the equipment has passed state verification. Very serious requirements are imposed on the heating system. The process of delivering hot coolant using circulation pumps (the installation rules for the heating system are written here) to a residential building and its uniform distribution throughout all apartments is not an easy task. This issue must be approached responsibly, and with an understanding of all the technological subtleties. In order for the heating system to work efficiently, all its elements must function harmoniously. This applies to all pipes and radiators in each of the apartments of a multi-story building. Therefore, when replacing radiators (read how to install heating radiators in a private house in this article), you need to take into account the features and subtleties of the heating main. If this is not done, some apartments will experience an excess of heat, while bad times will come for the residents of other apartments (they will have cold radiators). How can the heating of urban dwellings be optimized? Answer: by introducing the following standards: the safety regulations state that the temperature of the working liquid substance in the heating main must be 20 degrees less than the temperature of self-igniting materials. For residential multi-apartment buildings, the coolant limit has established standards - 65 - 115 degrees Celsius (this takes into account seasonality); if the water, for some reason, overheats and reaches a reading of 105 degrees, emergency measures must be taken to prevent it from boiling; the standard limit for water circulating through the batteries is 75 degrees. In case this indicator is exceeded by the battery needs to install a restrictive structure (about methods of heating in a private house is written here); in regions located in the middle latitudes of our country, the heating season, as a rule, begins on the fifteenth of October and ends on the fifteenth of April. In some cases, these standards may be changed. Service providers should rely on the average daily outdoor temperature.

Air temperature standards according to GOST

The temperature parameters of residential premises are regulated by regulations - SanPiN 2.1.2.2645-10, GOST R 51617-2000 Housing and communal services and general technical conditions, where the temperature regime of rooms is regulated from 18 ° C in winter, from 20 ° C in summer. There is a standard in Government Decree No. 354 on corner rooms and cold regions, where a different acceptable standard is adopted.

The standard air temperature in residential premises is set not lower than +18°C (in corner rooms +22°C), in areas with the coldest five-day period (provision 0.92) -31°C and below, the temperature regime is set to +20°C ( in corner rooms +22°С). Failure to comply with the standard, rather than comfortable, thermal regime is considered a violation.

In corner apartments

Previously, GOST indeed established special rules for corner apartments - 2 degrees higher than usual. Today, the temperature regime is established and regulated by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated May 6, 2011 No. 354.

Exterior walls

The creators of SNiP 02/23/2003 believe that the temperature difference between the internal air and the external surface should be no more than 4 degrees. That is, if the minimum limit for a living space is 18 °C, then the wall on average should not be colder than 14.

When this rule is violated, we can conclude that the house is not insulated enough, and perhaps the seams require updating. The management company servicing the building should take care of this.

Floor

In accordance with SNiP, the temperature of the floor surface in residential premises must be no lower than 16 ° C (as a rule, it exceeds the minimum permissible and ranges from 18 to 20 ° C.).

SNiP 41-01.2003 establishes the normal temperature for heated floors:

26 °C for rooms where people are constantly present;
31 °C for premises where people stay temporarily.

Children's institutions are recommended to maintain the floor at a maximum temperature of 24 °C.

Air ratio parameters

The room must have a certain air exchange rate, for example, if the room is residential and has an area of 18 or 20 m2, then the rate should be 3 m3/h per square meter. m., the same parameters are also necessary in regions where the temperature reaches −31°C and drops below. In dormitory kitchens and apartments equipped with electric and gas two-burner stoves and having an area of up to 18 m2, aeration is 60 m3/h. If there is a three-burner appliance in the room, then this value will be 75 m3/h, if there is a gas stove with four burners - 90 m3/h. For a bathroom with an area of 25 m2, the air exchange rate should be 25 m3/h, and for an individual restroom with an area of 18 m2 - 25 m3/h. If the bathtub and toilet are combined and their area is 25 m2, then the aeration is 50 m3/h. If the common restroom has an area of 16 m2, then an air exchange rate of up to 50 m3/h is required for one toilet, and 25 m3/h for a urinal. If the room is corner, then the room should be 2°C higher than usual. During warm periods, the temperature in the elevator room should not exceed 40°C.

Requirements for heating networks

With centralized heat supply, the heat source is a boiler house or a thermal power plant, where high-temperature water-heating boilers are installed (in thermal power plants - steam boilers). The fuel is usually natural gas, with other energy sources being used to a lesser extent. The temperature of the coolant at the outlet of the hot water boiler is 115 °C, but the water does not boil when it is under pressure. The need to heat up to 115 °C is explained by the fact that boiler plants operate at maximum efficiency in this mode.

The transition from 115 °C to the required temperature value is provided by plate or shell-and-tube heat exchangers. At a thermal power plant, waste steam from turbines enters heat exchangers to produce electricity. According to regulatory requirements, the water temperature in heating pipes should not exceed 105 ° C, the lower limit depends on street conditions. In this range, the heating of water in the heating network is regulated depending on the weather, for which each boiler room has a temperature graph of the heating system. For home networks, 2 calculation schedules are used:

These figures show the maximum temperature of the supply and return water during the most severe frosts in a particular area. But at the beginning and end of the heating season, when the weather is not yet too cold, there is no point in heating the coolant to 105 °C, so a real temperature heating schedule is drawn up, which describes to what extent the water should be heated at different outside temperatures. The dependence of heating on weather conditions is shown in the table, which presents excerpts from the graph for the city of Ufa:

street air average daily

The table is presented as an example and is correct only for this city; another locality has its own dependence, because the climatic conditions in the country are different.

It is quite difficult to find out exactly what the coolant temperature is in a centralized heating network. To do this, you need to have a remote thermometer that determines the degree of surface heating. So, it is possible to determine to what extent the heating standards in the apartment are met only by the air temperature in the rooms.

Minimum and maximum indicators

Like other indicators that are important to ensure the required living conditions for people (humidity indicators in apartments, warm water supply temperatures, air, etc.), the temperature of heating radiators in fact has certain acceptable minimums depending on the time of year.
However, neither the law nor the established standards prescribe any minimum standards for residential batteries. Based on this, it can be noted that the indicators must be maintained such that the above-mentioned permissible temperatures in the premises are normally maintained. Of course, if the temperature of the water in the radiators is not high enough, it will actually be impossible to ensure the optimal required temperature in the apartment. If there is no minimum established, then the maximum indicator is established by Sanitary norms and rules, in particular 01/41/2003. This document defines the standards that are required for an indoor heating system. As mentioned earlier, for two-pipe this is ninety-five degrees, and for single-pipe it is one hundred and fifteen degrees Celsius. However, the recommended temperatures are from eighty-five degrees to ninety, since water boils at one hundred degrees.

Heat meters

Let us remember once again that the heat supply network of an apartment building is equipped with thermal energy metering units, which record both the gigacalories consumed and the cubic capacity of water passed through the intra-house line.

In order not to be surprised by bills containing unrealistic amounts for heat when the degrees in the apartment are below normal, before the start of the heating season, check with the management company whether the meter is in working condition and whether the verification schedule has been violated.

Many manufacturers of boiler equipment require that at the entrance to the boiler there be water at least a certain temperature, since cold return water has a bad effect on the boiler:

boiler efficiency decreases,
condensation on the heat exchanger increases, which leads to corrosion of the boiler,
Due to the large temperature difference at the inlet and outlet of the heat exchanger, its metal expands differently - hence the stress and possible cracking of the boiler body.

The first method is ideal, but expensive.
Esbe
offers a ready-made module for mixing into the boiler return and controlling the loading of the heat accumulator (relevant for solid fuel boilers) - the LTC 100 device is an analogue of the popular Laddomat unit.

Phase 1. Beginning of the combustion process. The mixing device allows you to quickly increase the boiler temperature, thus starting water circulation only in the boiler circuit.

Phase 2: Start loading the storage tank. The thermostat, opening the connection from the storage tank, sets the temperature, which depends on the version of the product. High, guaranteed return temperature to the boiler, maintained through the entire combustion cycle

Phase 3: Storage tank during loading. Good control ensures efficient loading of the storage tank and correct stratification within it.

Phase 4: The storage tank is fully loaded. Even at the final stage of the combustion cycle, the high quality of regulation ensures good control of the return temperature to the boiler while simultaneously fully loading the storage tank

Phase 5: End of combustion process. By completely closing the top opening, the flow is directly directed into the storage tank, using the heat in the boiler

The second method is simpler, using a high quality three-way thermomixing valve.

For example valves from ESBE or VTC300. These valves vary depending on the power of the boiler used. VTC300 is used for boiler power up to 30 kW, VTC511 and VTC531 - for more powerful boilers from 30 to 150 kW

The valve is mounted on the bypass line between the boiler flow and return.

The built-in thermostat opens input “A” when the temperature at output “AB” is equal to the thermostat setting (50, 55, 60, 65, 70 or 75°C). Input “B” closes completely when the temperature at inlet “A” exceeds the nominal opening temperature by 10°C.

When the coolant temperature at the outlet of valve “AB” is less than 61°C, inlet “A” is closed, and hot water flows through inlet “B” from the boiler supply to the return. If the temperature of the coolant at the outlet “AB” exceeds 63°C, the bypass input “B” is closed and the coolant from the system return flows through inlet “A” into the boiler return. Bypass output “B” opens again when the temperature at outlet “AB” drops to 55°C

When a coolant with a temperature of less than 61°C passes through the “AB” outlet, the “A” input from the system return is closed, and the hot coolant from the bypass “B” is supplied to the “AB” output. When the temperature at the outlet “AB” reaches more than 63°C, inlet “A” opens and water from the return is mixed with water from bypass “B”. To equalize the bypass (so that the boiler does not constantly operate in a small circulation circle), a balancing valve must be installed in front of the “B” inlet on the bypass.

Antifreeze as a coolant

This type of coolant, such as antifreeze, has higher characteristics for efficient operation of the heating system. By pouring antifreeze into the heating system circuit, you can reduce the risk of the heating system freezing during the cold season to a minimum. Antifreeze is designed for lower temperatures than water, and they are not able to change its physical condition. Antifreeze has many advantages, since it does not cause scale deposits and does not contribute to corrosive wear of the internal area of the heating system elements.

Even if antifreeze hardens at very low temperatures, it will not expand like water, and this will not cause any damage to heating system components. If it freezes, the antifreeze will turn into a gel-like composition, and the volume will remain the same. If, after freezing, the temperature of the coolant in the heating system increases, it will go from a gel-like state to a liquid state, and this will not cause any negative consequences for the heating circuit.

Many manufacturers add various additives to antifreeze that can increase the service life of the heating system.

Such additives help remove various deposits and scale from heating system elements, and also eliminate pockets of corrosion. When choosing antifreeze, you need to remember that such a coolant is not universal. The additives it contains are only suitable for certain materials.

Existing coolants for heating systems-antifreeze can be divided into two categories based on their freezing point. Some are designed for temperatures down to -6 degrees, and others up to -35 degrees.

Properties of various types of antifreeze

The composition of a coolant such as antifreeze is designed for a full five years of operation, or 10 heating seasons. The calculation of the coolant in the heating system must be accurate.

Antifreeze also has its disadvantages:

The heat capacity of antifreeze is 15% lower than that of water, which means they will release heat more slowly;
They have a fairly high viscosity, which means that a fairly powerful circulation pump will need to be installed in the system.
When heated, antifreeze increases in volume more than water, which means that the heating system must include a closed expansion tank, and radiators must have a larger capacity than those used to organize a heating system in which water is the coolant.
The speed of the coolant in the heating system - that is, the fluidity of antifreeze is 50% greater than that of water, which means that all connecting connectors of the heating system must be very carefully sealed.
Antifreeze, which includes ethylene glycol, is toxic to humans, so it can only be used for single-circuit boilers.

When using a type of coolant such as antifreeze in a heating system, certain conditions must be taken into account:

The system must be supplemented with a circulation pump with powerful parameters. If the circulation of coolant in the heating system and the heating circuit is long, then the circulation pump must be installed externally.
The volume of the expansion tank must be no less than twice that of the tank used for a coolant such as water.
It is necessary to install volumetric radiators and pipes with a large diameter in the heating system.
It is prohibited to use automatic type air vents. For a heating system in which antifreeze is the coolant, only manual taps can be used. A more popular manual type crane is the Mayevsky crane.
If antifreeze is diluted, then only with distilled water. Melt, rain or well water will not work.
Before filling the heating system with coolant - antifreeze, it must be thoroughly rinsed with water, not forgetting about the boiler. Manufacturers of antifreeze recommend changing them in the heating system at least once every three years.
If the boiler is cold, it is not recommended to immediately set high coolant temperature standards for the heating system. It should rise gradually, the coolant needs some time to heat up.

If in winter a double-circuit boiler running on antifreeze is turned off for a long period, then it is necessary to drain the water from the hot water supply circuit. If water freezes, it can expand and cause damage to pipes or other heating system components.

Comments 1

Andrey

12/13/2017 at 07:51 | #

Dear Sirs! I purchased convectors built into the window sill in the fall through dealers - 3 pieces (one 3m, the other 2 1.2m each). I installed them in a window sill with a depth of 50 cm, the heating season began and it turned out that they did not even heat up. We have a townhouse of 4 floors, I live on the fourth, there is supposed to be another 5th floor, there is a boiler, heated with coal. I have water heating in the floor. The floor is warm enough, but as for convectors, they are slightly warm and therefore do not cut off cold air. The temperature in the comb reaches a maximum of 51 degrees, and as your dealers explained to me, that this temperature is not enough for a convector, a minimum of 70 degrees is needed, but unfortunately, if our boiler supplies 80 degrees, then it will be very hot in the lower floors. In this regard, I wanted to ask your opinion about what can be done in my case. Can he get convectors and replace them with electric ones, although the repairs have already been done? Then how much more expensive will it be when paying an electricity bill? Is it possible to install an electric boiler on convectors, although I have very little space in the boiler room, and how much will the electricity bill increase? maybe just install wall radiators? Don't get me wrong, I was advised to install built-in convectors in the window sill, since the window sill is deep, and I, in turn, refused wall-mounted radiators. At the moment, my convectors are not heating and there are no radiators, which, you must agree, is very disappointing. I am writing to you in the hope of an answer and help. Thank you.

Let's assume that the coolant in the riser complies with building code standards. It remains to find out what the normal temperature of the heating radiators in the apartment is. The indicator takes into account:

outdoor air parameters and time of day;
location of the apartment in the house plan;
living or utility room in an apartment.

Therefore, attention: it is important not what the temperature of the heater is, but what the temperature of the air in the room is. During the day, in corner rooms the thermometer should show at least 20 °C, and in centrally located rooms 18 °C is allowed. At night, the air in the home is allowed to be 17 ° C and 15 ° C, respectively.

Theory of linguistics The name “battery” is a common one, meaning a number of identical objects. In relation to home heating, this is a series of heating sections. Temperature standards for heating radiators allow heating no higher than 90 °C. According to the rules, parts heated above 75 ° C are protected

At night, air in the home is allowed to be 17 °C and 15 °C, respectively. Theory of linguistics The name “battery” is a common one, meaning a number of identical objects. In relation to home heating, this is a series of heating sections. Temperature standards for heating radiators allow heating no higher than 90 °C. According to the rules, parts heated above 75 °C are protected.

Heat supply of a multi-storey building

Heating distribution unit for an apartment building

Heating distribution in a multi-storey building is important for the operational parameters of the system. However, in addition to this, the characteristics of the heat supply should be taken into account

An important one is the method of supplying hot water - centralized or autonomous.

In most cases, a connection is made to the central heating system. This allows you to reduce the current costs in the estimate for heating a multi-storey building. But in practice the level of quality of such services remains extremely low. Therefore, if there is a choice, preference is given to autonomous heating of a multi-storey building.

Autonomous heating of a multi-storey building

autonomous heating of a multi-storey building

In modern multi-storey residential buildings, it is possible to organize an independent heat supply system. It can be of two types - apartment-based or communal. In the first case, the autonomous heating system of a multi-storey building is carried out in each apartment separately. To do this, make independent piping and install a boiler (most often a gas one). A common house installation involves the installation of a boiler room, which has special requirements.

The principle of its organization is no different from a similar scheme for a private country house. However, there are a number of important points to consider:

Installation of several heating boilers. One or more of them must perform a duplicate function. If one boiler fails, another must replace it;
Installation of a two-pipe heating system of a multi-storey building, as the most efficient;
Drawing up a schedule for scheduled repairs and maintenance work. This is especially true for heating heating equipment and safety groups.

Taking into account the peculiarities of the heating scheme of a particular multi-storey building, it is necessary to organize an apartment-by-apartment heat metering system. To do this, energy meters must be installed on each incoming pipe from the central riser. That is why the Leningrad heating system of a multi-storey building is not suitable for reducing operating costs.

Centralized heating of a multi-storey building

Elevator unit diagram

How can the heating distribution in an apartment building change when it is connected to a central heating supply? The main element of this system is the elevator unit, which performs the functions of normalizing coolant parameters to acceptable values.

The total length of the central heating mains is quite large. Therefore, at the heating point, such coolant parameters are created so that heat losses are minimal. To do this, increase the pressure to 20 atm. which leads to an increase in the temperature of hot water to +120°C. However, given the characteristics of the heating system in an apartment building, supplying hot water with such characteristics to consumers is not permitted. To normalize the parameters of the coolant, an elevator unit is installed.

It can be calculated for both a two-pipe and a single-pipe heating system in a multi-storey building. Its main functions are:

Reducing pressure using an elevator. A special cone valve regulates the volume of coolant flow into the distribution system;
Reducing the temperature level to +90-85°C. A mixing unit for hot and cooled water is designed for this purpose;
Filtration of coolant and reduction of oxygen content.

In addition, the elevator unit performs the main balancing of the single-pipe heating system in the house. For this purpose, it is equipped with shut-off and control valves, which automatically or semi-automatically regulate pressure and temperature.

You also need to take into account that the estimate for centralized heating of a multi-story building will differ from autonomous heating. The table shows the comparative characteristics of these systems.

The Gigacalorie Path

Megacities sparkle with high-rise buildings. A cloud of renovation hangs over the capital. The outback prays to five-story buildings. Until demolished, the house operates a calorie supply system.

Heating of an economy class apartment building is carried out through a centralized heat supply system. The pipes enter the basement of the building. The supply of coolant is regulated by inlet valves, after which the water enters the mud traps, and from there it is distributed through the risers, and from them it is supplied to the radiators and radiators that heat the home.

The number of valves correlates with the number of risers. When performing repair work in a single apartment, it is possible to turn off one vertical line, rather than the entire house.

The waste liquid is partially discharged through the return pipe, and partially supplied to the hot water supply network.

The hot one went

According to sanitary rules, the temperature of hot water at the points of analysis should be in the range of 60-75 ° C.

In the hot water supply network, the coolant is supplied from the pipe:

in winter - with the reverse, so as not to scald users with boiling water;
in summer - from a straight line, since in summer the carrier is heated no higher than 75 ° C.

A temperature schedule is drawn up for the heating season. The average daily return water temperature should not exceed the schedule by more than 5% at night and 3% during the day.