Composition of premises in a private house according to Neufert, SNiPs and the experience of homeowners

A city dweller has a hard time imagining life in a country house: he really doesn’t understand that the rooms in a house can have different functionality. In a typical city apartment, a family has two or three rooms, a kitchen, a bathroom, a hallway and, if they are lucky, a small storage room. And when it comes to building a country house, the city dweller is lost: after all, all dreams can be realized: a library with a fireplace, a gym, a cinema hall... But during the operation of the house, a hangover often occurs. It turns out that some premises could be done without, but some are sorely lacking! This article tells you what the composition of premises in a private house should be.

There is no room for categoricalness in the matter of planning the premises of a private house. A country house is built for a comfortable life, and it should be comfortable for those who will live in it. Not a single architect will say that any country house should have so many rooms, while the kitchen should have this area, and the guest bedroom should have this area. The ergonomics of premises is based on a number of data, including human parameters.

What rooms should be in the house

For modern houses, architects (with various reservations) recommend determining the composition of the premises of a private house based on the functional purpose of its different zones. All premises of a private house are divided into three zones:

• residential
• economic
• input

And they are already divided into night and day zones. This cheat sheet will help you determine which rooms are needed in a private home.

For a comfortable life in a private house, it is better to immediately provide for:

• so that each adult family member has his own room;
• so that the premises of adult family children and their parents are divided into different zones; ideal if with separate entrances;
• that it is better to functionally combine and make some rooms passable than to arrange corridors. Rooms in a house should connect to rooms;
• if guests come several times a year, a guest bedroom is not needed: they can spend the night on the sofa in the living room;
• room for washing, drying and ironing. The need to constantly take an ironing board out of the pantry becomes a real stress for many, when it is constantly standing in a special room, disassembled, and there is an opportunity to accumulate stacks of clean linen there before ironing, this greatly improves the quality of life;
• the maximum possible number of storage rooms and dressing rooms.

Wall-eArchitect, FORUMHOUSE user

The more storage rooms and dressing rooms, the better, the more free the rooms - living spaces - will be. It is good to place them in the corridors, because we rarely use many things or their use is seasonal. Expand the corridor by 60 cm and the space for built-in wardrobes is ready, and the corridor will no longer be a useless place.

According to the experience of our users, who have built and lived in their houses for enough time to draw conclusions, a two-story house needs at least two storage rooms: on the ground floor for storing skis, snowboards, a vacuum cleaner, tools, extension cords; on the second - seasonal clothes and shoes, blankets, a collection of old magazines, etc.

Concept and specifics of non-residential premises

Bibliographic description:

Reshetov, F. F. Concept and specificity of non-residential premises / F. F. Reshetov.
— Text: immediate // Current issues of legal sciences: materials of the I International. scientific conf. (Chelyabinsk, November 2012). - Chelyabinsk: Two Komsomol members, 2012. - P. 50-55. — URL: https://moluch.ru/conf/law/archive/43/2592/ (access date: 12/27/2021). With the development of market relations, non-residential premises are increasingly involved in civil circulation. All objects of civil law are differentiated into three groups: fully negotiable; with limited turnover; withdrawn from circulation. Most things belong to the first group; This, in fact, is the meaning of civil law, which regulates legal relations mainly regarding negotiable objects. Non-residential premises are negotiable real estate assets. Each of the real estate objects is characterized by special consumer properties. So, for example, non-residential premises as an object of real estate are characterized by: a variety of purposes (industrial, public, economic), a special form of functioning, duration of economic turnover, etc.

To understand the specifics of non-residential premises as real estate, it is necessary to consider first of all the concept of premises itself. The definition of “premises” was in the Federal Law of June 15, 1996 No. 72-FZ “On Homeowners’ Associations”: a premises is a unit of a real estate complex (part of a residential building, another property connected with a residential building), allocated in kind, intended for independent use for residential or other purposes, owned by citizens or legal entities, as well as the Russian Federation, constituent entities of the Russian Federation and municipal organizations. As can be seen from this definition, premises were understood to be part of a residential building, or another piece of real estate associated with a residential building. However, most non-residential premises are not connected to residential buildings. In this connection, this definition does not seem entirely correct.

A broader understanding of the term “premises” is contained in Federal Law No. 122-FZ of July 21, 1997 “On state registration of rights to real estate and transactions with it.” According to this law, premises (residential and non-residential) are “an object that is part of buildings and structures” (Clause 2, Part 6, Article 12).

At the same time, the point of view on the problem of defining a room as an independent unit, and not part of a building (structure), remains very interesting. For example, there are buildings that consist of only one room. In this case, the two objects coincide spatially. S.P. Grishaev also highlights external extensions to the building, which have independent economic significance. Such extensions can be either independent objects of law or part of a building or structure. Cases when buildings are adjacent to each other and have a common wall should be distinguished from such extensions. In the latter case, we are talking about completely independent real estate objects [7].

The authors of the concept of the development of civil legislation on real estate present their argument in defense of this argument [27, pp. 48-54]. In their opinion, non-residential premises cannot be considered as part of a building, since buildings themselves are indivisible things and, accordingly, parts of the building cannot be the subject of transactions. Thus, the owner of a building who wants to make a transaction with non-residential premises must allocate this premises and register ownership of it. A way out, according to the authors of the Concept, may be common ownership of the building and legislative consolidation of a share in the right corresponding to the size of the non-residential premises.

However, the following points need to be taken into account here. Firstly, the existence of the premises is impossible outside of any building or structure. Even if the building consists of one premises, the object of law will be the building, and the premises will only be a component of this building. Secondly, the conclusion that non-residential premises cannot be considered as part of a building, since buildings themselves are indivisible things and, accordingly, parts of the building cannot be the subject of transactions, contradicts current legislation. Within the meaning of Art. 288 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, apartments in an apartment building transferred in accordance with housing legislation to non-residential premises may be the subject of transactions. Meanwhile, these non-residential premises are physically part of the building.

The point of view of I.A. seems interesting. Drozdov, who defines a room as a space limited by a three-dimensional contour that forms a real estate object and has an entrance [8, p.49]. At the same time, the author identifies three characteristics of a room: immovable character; a space limited by a three-dimensional contour, since it is impossible to imagine a room without a roof, walls and floor; the presence of an entrance, otherwise the room cannot be distinguished from a niche.

However, this definition does not contain the sign of a premises as part of a building (structure). In this connection, taking advantage of the incompleteness of the formulation, this definition can be applied to the concept of a building.

The main provisions of the system of regulatory documents in construction define a room as a space inside a building that has a specific functional purpose and is delimited by building structures (walls, floors, ceilings) [2].

As regards the concept of non-residential premises directly, it should be noted that at present there is no single generally accepted theory about non-residential premises as an independent object of civil and economic turnover. Although research in recent years has significantly expanded our understanding of non-residential premises. It should be noted that not one of the concepts of non-residential premises does not claim to be exclusive.

The legislation also does not contain the concept of non-residential premises, but at the same time, the Housing Code of the Russian Federation of December 29, 2004 No. 188-FZ (hereinafter referred to as the RF Housing Code) formulates the concept of residential premises - this is an isolated premises that is real estate and is suitable for permanent residence of citizens (meets established sanitary and technical rules and regulations, other legal requirements). The Civil Code of the Russian Federation contains a provision on the right of ownership of residential premises and allows the transfer of residential premises to non-residential premises (paragraph 2, paragraph 3, Article 288 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation), and also considers the building and structure as a single object. In technical accounting, the following definition of non-residential premises is accepted - this is the functional part of a building, structure, separated from other functional parts by physical boundaries that do not have breaks. However, in practice, the subject of transactions is precisely the parts of buildings and structures corresponding to communications [26, p. 75].

The legislator has repeatedly used the concept of non-residential premises, extending it only to premises located in residential buildings. Previously Art. 1 of the Law of the Russian Federation of December 24, 1992 “On the Fundamentals of Federal Housing Policy”, non-residential premises were considered not just as some kind of functional opposite of residential premises, but as an integral part of residential buildings of any type of housing stock (along with residential premises, structures and elements of the infrastructure of the housing sector and etc.).

Regional Law of Moscow dated July 3, 2002 No. 38 “On state control over the accounting and use of non-residential facilities in Moscow” considers non-residential premises as a non-residential facility. Clause 2 of Article 2 of this Law provides a definition of non-residential facilities, which are understood as: a) detached non-residential buildings, structures, structures and their parts; b) non-residential premises in residential buildings, including built-in and attached premises and parts thereof, with the exception of premises classified as housing stock.

Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated February 18, 1998 No. 219 [1] approved the “Rules for maintaining a unified state register of rights to real estate and transactions with it,” which establish that residential and non-residential premises (along with others) are components of buildings and structures (subsection 13). That is, by non-residential premises this regulatory legal act refers to those premises that are parts of a larger whole, which is a building (structure), both residential and non-residential. The specified ratio of the whole (building, structure) and its part (premises) is emphasized by such premises details to be included in the register, such as floor, room numbers on the floor plan, purpose. Unlike the Law on State Registration, the mentioned normative act does not focus on the object characteristics of premises, but on the volumetric-spatial and planning combination and their placement in buildings and structures.

It should be noted that the Rules consider non-residential premises as independent real estate objects (clause 23 of the Resolution) and a separate type of real estate (clause 24 of the Resolution).

In accordance with the point of view of Yu.G. Zharikov and M.G. Masevich “non-residential premises include buildings, structures, structures and other premises not included in the housing stock and intended for production, administrative, social, educational, cultural and other purposes” [9]. Essentially the same definition is proposed by T.D. Appak: “non-residential premises are proposed to be understood as a separate building (structure) or part thereof, intended for production, trade, administrative and other purposes not related to its use for personal and domestic purposes, meeting the relevant construction, technical and fire safety standards, and also registered in the prescribed manner” [3, p.8].

E.O. Trubachev proposes to distinguish between non-residential premises as a kind of really existing construction object that has a material embodiment, and non-residential premises as an object of civil rights [23, p. 74].

Thus, there is no single approach to defining the concept of non-residential premises. At the same time, two opposing views have emerged in science on the problem of defining non-residential premises as an independent object of civil rights. The first rejects the possibility of recognizing non-residential premises as independent objects of civil rights [10, p.56; 16, pp.170-193; 19]. At least two reasons allow us to draw this conclusion. Firstly, in Art. 130 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, premises are not listed among real estate objects, however, they should undoubtedly be classified as real estate, which is particularly noted in the above-mentioned draft on amendments to the Civil Code of the Russian Federation. This is due to the fact that they have the most important feature of real estate - a strong connection with the land (although such a connection is not carried out directly, but indirectly - through buildings and structures). Secondly, premises are not just parts of buildings, but parts that do not exist outside buildings and without buildings; it is impossible to prove the independence of non-residential premises [13, p. 376]. The second view of the problem, on the contrary, recognizes non-residential premises as objects of civil rights [4; 24; 28] and indicates the active use of these objects in civil circulation.

In the science of civil law there is a third point of view. The premises are an independent object of law along with the building: non-residential premises are an independent “narrow” concept [5, p. 50]. In this case, the emphasis is on the close relationship between the non-residential premises and the building in which the non-residential premises are located. However, a problem arises: if the premises located in the building are an object of law, then is the building itself an object? Despite different points of view, each of the above concepts shows the relevance of identifying non-residential premises as an independent object of civil rights. In connection with the above, the development of the concept of non-residential premises will be useful in scientific and law enforcement aspects. The simplest definition that can be given is: non-residential premises are premises intended for purposes not related to the residence of citizens. The key word in this definition is premises.

As can be seen from these definitions, the legal concept of non-residential premises is based on and actually includes the technical component of the definition. Of course, one cannot ignore the “construction” specifics of non-residential premises. Because this is the only way to accurately spatially delimit non-residential premises from another object. In our opinion, when formulating the definition of non-residential premises, it is necessary to take into account its specifics as an object of real estate and an object of civil rights.

According to the point of view of A.A. Makovskaya, the Civil Code of the Russian Federation did not regulate non-residential premises as independent objects of real estate due to the fact that “the provisions of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation were developed based on the fact that the building is a single and indivisible object of civil law, which could be located in a common (shared or joint ) property of several persons on the terms determined by the Code, but which, in principle, could not be divided into several independent objects. And therefore, non-residential premises in the building, being, in fact, part of this indivisible object (unlike residential premises), generally should not have acted as an independent object of civil law transactions. However, as a result of the privatization that took place in Russia, non-residential premises were involved in civil circulation precisely as independent objects” [14, p. 19].

According to G.F. Shershenevich, many houses are by their nature indivisible, since when divided, their individual parts, deprived of the necessary accessories (kitchens, cellars, barns), will not meet the purpose for which the house exists. However, according to the author, the opposite situation is also possible - a spacious house can have numerous services and extensions, so that when divided, each part would be equipped with everything necessary. G.F. Shershenevich also notes that an increase in the necessary supplies can be undertaken deliberately in view of the proposed division. Consequently, as the author believes, “it should be recognized that essentially a house should be assumed to be a separate thing, but that this assumption can be refuted by proof of the impossibility of dividing a given house while preserving the economic significance of the whole for the parts” [25].

A similar position was held by D.I. Meyer, defining a house (including a yard) as an indivisible thing, paying attention to some exceptions [15].

K.P. Pobedonostsev considered the house to be a single (indivisible) thing on the basis of its economic and legal integrity. On the contrary, “if we allow the distribution of a house among several owners by room, then the ownership rights of each will be incomplete, since without the consent of others they will not have the right to undertake construction and repairs in the walls that are physically no longer subject to division” [17].

V.N. Litovkin, commenting on the provisions of Article 650 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, writes: “Non-residential buildings (non-residential premises): industrial, production, commercial, administrative (office), medical and sanitary, cultural and educational, public utility, warehouse, educational and for other purposes use." The author gives a broad interpretation of the concept of non-residential premises, including not only premises as part of buildings and structures, but also non-residential buildings themselves.

Considering the problems of non-residential premises as objects of civil rights, V.A. Lapach considered “it is necessary to establish in parallel a generic and specific relationship between the concepts of non-residential objects (genus) and non-residential premises (type), as well as between a part (room) and the whole (building, structure),” and further the author [12, p. 8]. The author understood non-residential premises, first of all, as parts of a residential apartment building that are in the regime of common shared ownership.

O.Yu. Skvortsov, highlighting non-residential premises as independent objects of civil rights, emphasizes their derivative, man-made nature. Moreover, among the derived objects, the author also identifies buildings and structures [18]. S.P. Grishaev also classifies non-residential premises as objects of real and obligatory rights, referring to established law enforcement practice in Russia [6]. I. Israfilov, agreeing with this position, also draws attention to the fact that non-residential premises can mean both the building as a whole and part of it [11].

We can conclude that the legislator, law enforcer and civil law science in this case are faced with a difficult task: how to correlate one of the conceptual provisions of civil law about the indivisibility and individual certainty of an immovable thing, which is a building, with the possibility (and even necessity) of a relatively free , independent of the legal fate of the building, participation in the circulation of its “technical” part - non-residential premises as an independent immovable object of civil rights. If we follow the logic of the dogmatic rules of real estate transactions, the seller (who is also the owner of the building) is obliged to first “dismember” the building into two new objects: the alienated premises and the “remaining” real estate, and then register the rights to them accordingly. In our opinion, it is necessary to highlight the point of view of V.V. Chubarova, which we consider quite justified. The author points out that the building as an object of real estate in this situation should cease, giving way to two new real estate: premises and a building without this premises. Technically, the building exists, but legally it does not, since civil law does not recognize the possibility of registering rights to an object other than those specified in the law.

At the same time, according to the point of view of E.A. Sukhanov, the recognition of premises, both residential and non-residential, as independent objects of civil rights leads to the legal disappearance of the building (structure, house) in which the premises in question are located. At the same time, the house as an object of property rights ceases to exist from the moment individual premises and common property of the house emerge as objects of civil rights [21, pp. 20-21]. The author also considers the question of what is the real embodiment of the object if the common walls of adjacent rooms horizontally are common to their owners, as well as the ceiling and floor for adjacent rooms vertically [22]. E.A. Sukhanov proposes the introduction of common shared ownership of the object as a whole (with the allocation of appropriate premises for the use of individual owners), considering individual ownership of parts of this object impossible. Otherwise, logically insoluble disputes arise about the ownership of public places. At the same time, they relate to the possibility of recognizing property rights over the corresponding objects, and not obligations, because the latter (for example, in the form of a lease) can have any separate premises as their object, since they are transferred for temporary use on appropriate terms.

However, in our opinion, since premises (residential or non-residential) as such actually represent the internal component or internal area of ​​any building and structure, it is important to legally establish the specific boundaries of premises that are in common ownership (adjacent walls in an apartment building, floor, ceiling), but the premises itself, being an internal part, can be the object of exclusive property rights, without affecting the legal rights and interests of other owners.

When defining the concept of non-residential premises, it is necessary to take into account the turnover of the given object, type characteristics, single economic purpose, industry affiliation, which will allow identifying non-residential premises as a legal object. We consider it advisable to use the dictionary definition of the concept of non-residential structure, since it is the term structure that allows the most correct description of the non-residential premises themselves. A non-residential building is a separate building intended for use not as housing, but as a warehouse, production, retail, utility room.

Therefore, in our opinion, non-residential premises can be defined as follows: non-residential premises are an individually separate structure, used for a single economic purpose, divided depending on the location and purpose of use into types (functional purpose).

The identification of the category of non-residential premises as an independent object of civil legal relations entails the establishment of a certain legal regime, that is, the possibility or impossibility of performing certain actions (transactions) with non-residential premises that entail a legal result. The regime determines acceptable ways to determine rights to non-residential premises, the scope and content of these rights, and the limits of their implementation.

As for the general regulation in legislation of the legal regime of buildings and non-residential premises located in them, in our opinion it would be correct to agree with E.A. Sukhanov is that we are talking about “a special legal regime, which... should be regulated by special legislation, and not by the general rules of the Civil Code” [20], which, in our opinion, may be facilitated by the adoption of a special law on non-residential premises in the future.

Agreeing with the opinion of E.A. Sukhanov, we also believe that the Civil Code of the Russian Federation should generally establish the legal status of non-residential premises as objects of property turnover (real estate objects, civil rights, property rights, etc.). It seems correct, agreeing with the draft amendments to the Civil Code of the Russian Federation for 2011-2012, in Article 130 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, non-residential premises are identified as an independent object of real estate .

Literature:

1. Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of February 18, 1998 No. 219.
2. System of regulatory documents in construction. Basic provisions. SNiP 10-01-94. M.: GP TsPP, 1994.
3. Appak T.D. Legal regulation of state registration of rights to real estate and transactions with it: Using the example of a lease agreement for non-residential premises in Moscow: Abstract of thesis. ...candidate of legal sciences. M.2004. P.8.
4. Braginsky M.I., Vitryansky V.V. Contract law. Agreements on the transfer of property. Book 2. 4th edition M.: Statute 2002.
5. Vitryansky V.V. Rent of certain types of property // Economy and law. 1999. No. 10. Appendix P. 50.
6. Grishaev S.P. Buildings and structures as real estate objects.
7. Grishaev S.P. Non-residential premises as objects of civil law // Citizen and Law, No. 1, January 2006.
8. Drozdov I.A. Maintenance of residential premises: civil regulation. – M.: Statute, 2006.
9. Zharikov Yu.G., Masevich M.G. The concept of real estate in Russia and foreign countries // Law and Economics. 1996. No. 5-6.
10. Zinchenko S., Korkh S. Property issues: legislation and practice // Economy and Law 2000. No. 6.
11. Israfilov I. Rent of non-residential premises // Economy and Law. 1997. No. 10.
12. Lapach V.A. Non-residential premises as objects of civil rights. Legislation. 2003. No. 4.
13. Lapach V.A. System of objects of civil rights: Theory and judicial practice. St. Petersburg: Legal, 2002.
14. Makovskaya A.A. Duration of the lease agreement for non-residential premises and state registration of the agreement // Economy and Law. 2000. No. 11. Appendix.
15. Meyer D.I. Russian civil law. Petrograd: Printing house "Engine", 1914.
16. Piskov P.I. Civil legal regime of buildings and structures. Dis... cand. legal Sci. M., 2003.
17. Pobedonostsev K.P. Civil law course. In 3 volumes. St. Petersburg: Synodal Printing House, 1896.
18. Skvortsov O.Yu. Real estate transactions in commercial circulation (educational and practical manual). M.: Wolters Kluwer, 2006.
19. Sklovsky K.I. Some problems of the right to non-residential premises // Bulletin of the Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation. 2003. No. 8.
20. Sukhanov E.A. Property rights and rights to intangible objects // Bulletin of the Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation. 2007. No. 7(176).
21. Sukhanov E.A. Some problems of civil law // Bulletin of the Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation. 2007. N 7.
22. Sukhanov E.A. On the concept and types of real rights in Russian civil law // Journal of Russian Law. 2006. No. 12.
23. Trubachev E.O. On the independence of non-residential premises as an object of civil rights // Bulletin of Omsk University. Series "Law". 2005 No. 2 (3).
24. Chubarov V.V. Legal regime of non-residential premises as an independent property // Law and Economics. 2003. No. 3.
25. Shershenevich G.F. Textbook of Russian civil law. M.: Publishing house of the Bashmakov brothers, 1911.
26. Yaroshenko K.B. Lease agreement and relations with financial authorities // Law and Economics. 1998. No. 10.
27. Concept for the development of civil legislation on real estate / Council under the President of the Russian Federation for the codification and improvement of civil legislation; Research Center for Private Law; Under general ed. V.V. Vitryansky, O.M. Kozyr, A.A. Makovskaya. – M.: “Statute”, 2004.
28. Information letter of the Presidium of the Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation dated June 1, 2000 No. 53 “On state registration of lease agreements for non-residential premises” // Information and legal system “Garant”.

Composition of the premises of a private house according to SNiP

The minimum composition of the premises of a one-apartment house is regulated by the current SNiP 02/31/2001 “Single-apartment residential houses”. According to this document, a private house must have at least the following premises:

• living room (or living rooms;
• kitchen (or kitchen-niche, or kitchen-dining room;
• front (hallway, hall);
• bathroom or shower;
• restroom;
• pantry (or built-in wardrobes);
• boiler room (in the document it is written as follows: “in the absence of centralized heating supply, a room for a heating unit.”

Everything else - what rooms will be in the house, how they will be connected to each other - is determined by the developer, based on the composition of the family, lifestyle, needs and wants.

Nastena74FORUMHOUSE participant

We are already building a second house. The operation of the first house showed that the guest room was used at best 2-3 times a year, but there was a catastrophic lack of storage space in the entrance, kitchen and laundry room. And it is also very desirable to have a vestibule; in summer, shoes can be taken off there and the house is cleaner, and in winter, the vestibule protects from the cold. And a pantry in the kitchen will save money on furniture (fewer cabinets are needed), and a food processor, large pots and a supply of food are perfectly located there!

SNiP establishes the following requirements for the minimum area of ​​premises:

Purpose of residential premises

The purpose comes directly from its name. It must be used for permanent residence of citizens. There are a number of restrictions, violation of which may result in administrative and criminal liability. For example, only citizens legally residing in it are allowed to engage in private business activities within housing. Wherein:

• other legal persons residing or having the right to reside in this area agree and this does not violate their interests;
• operating rules, fire and sanitary safety, and hygiene standards are not violated.

It is prohibited to install industrial equipment or establish hotels in apartments of multi-apartment buildings (MKD).

Construction design of private house premises according to Neufert

For anyone who is planning to design a house on their own, experts strongly recommend reading the book “Building Design” by the German architect and outstanding architectural theorist Erns Neufert. One of its publications is freely available on the Internet. FORUMHOUSE users posted on our portal scans of pages necessary for planning premises. The book was written in the years when the minimalist approach dominated in house building. Everyone strived to create optimally sized and maximally functional premises.

This approach is now partly outdated; you need to remember that all the recommendations from the book are given for people of average height and weight, and that it provides the minimum dimensions of rooms, furniture, and distances between objects. More is possible, less is not possible.

Leto99FORUMHOUSE Member

I selected furniture for the kitchen based on Neufert's standards. This was a new level of comfort for me.

What can you open in PSN?

Commercial real estate is divided into groups according to its intended purpose: Retail. Commercial areas intended for the sale of goods: Shopping center, store, pharmacy, car showroom. Office. Premises rented for employee work, conferences, and client reception. Industrial. Premises where production equipment is located, raw materials and finished products are stored: warehouses, storage facilities, workshops, car services. Social. Children's institutions, medical and scientific centers.

The classification of commercial real estate, and therefore PSN, is so arbitrary that even experts do not come to a consensus. Where should public catering establishments be classified: cafes, canteens? Is this production or trade? Service and leisure enterprises are also not included in this classification. If we consider that a beauty salon, repair shop and fitness center are the sale of services, then trade. In addition, an entrepreneur can combine several industries. For example: bakery store, warehouse store.

So, all this can be opened in a free-use premises. There are no instructions on what can be done in the PSN; everything is determined by the desires, capabilities and goals of the tenant.

Small house according to Neufert

Small one-apartment house “according to Neufert”:

• must consist of rooms with dimensions of the minimum acceptable dimensions;
• the furniture in them is arranged as rationally as possible;
• zones with different functionality are combined in one room. The kitchen can be combined with a dining room, or a niche for cooking can be provided in the living room, etc.;
• A small number of spacious rooms and a small hall are better than many small “cages”.

With this approach, one-story houses are preferable (you won’t have to waste the house’s space on stairs). If the house is still two-story or with an attic, the staircase in it always occupies a minimum area and is located with maximum benefit - for example, a stairwell can be a barrier to the cold tending to penetrate into the rooms.

mikki1FORUMHOUSE Member

Where did the construction recommendations come from for the width of the stairs in a private house to be at least 90 cm? We take the book “The Overseas Enemy” by Neufert: passages between walls with hand luggage. With a small amount of luggage, the minimum distance is 800 or 875. That's where 90 cm comes from. In a private house, a staircase width of 80 cm is allowed, although it is clear that this is not so convenient. Therefore, if the dimensions allow, then it is better to make a staircase with a width of 120 cm, or even 135 cm. With limited dimensions, no less than 90 cm. This, by the way, is the width without fencing.

The architect emphasizes that although a square house is more economical than a rectangular one, a rectangular one may turn out to be more convenient (very often on narrow plots).

What are non-residential properties used for?

Non-residential premises are used for various commercial and public purposes. They house organizations offering and providing a variety of services.

The purpose of such places is directly related to their classification. According to the functional isolation of non-residential places, they are distinguished:

1. The main ones, for example, are the halls and offices in which the activities of the enterprise are carried out.
2. Auxiliary (service) premises: corridors, vestibules, staircases, other common areas.

The following premises are created according to the actual purpose or purpose of use:

• for trade (shops, shopping centers);
• for production purposes;
• for a warehouse;
• to maintain communication through branches;
• for places of consumer services;
• equipped as a garage;
• for administrative purposes (government institutions);
• for the placement of catering establishments;
• related to educational and scientific activities;
• for medical and sanitary purposes (hospitals);
• for public utilities (supply of water, gas, electricity);
• for services in household areas (ateliers, dry cleaners, repair shops);
• cultural, entertainment and development places (exhibition halls).

Each such category is detailed into narrower objects, which is prescribed at the discretion of the parties.

The intended purpose of the rented non-residential premises is determined by the conditions of use of the transferred property and the parties to the transaction.

What a non-residential place is suitable for is determined only by the parties to the transaction. The above objectives are indicated when drawing up the lease agreement.

Note. According to Article 615 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation “Use of leased property,” the property is used in accordance with the terms of the agreement or its purpose.

Is it possible to convert non-residential premises into residential premises?

This is a question that owners often ask when they want to redevelop their existing property for the place in which they plan to live. Also, people who have purchased a residential property sometimes think about turning it into an area for carrying out their activities.

Let's deal with the first situation. You have the right to convert non-residential property into residential property. But to do this, you meet a number of conditions:

1. As the owner of the premises (tenants are not allowed), you draw up an application to change the status of the property. If there are several owners, then written consent of all parties is required.
2. Make sure there are no debts on utility bills.
3. The property must not have any encumbrances, for example, be pledged.
4. Everything complies with existing safety standards and has connections to all utilities.
5. When transferring from one type to another, no actions are taken that bring danger to residents of nearby residential premises.
6. Instead of a separate entrance, free access through a common entrance is required.

To complete such a process, you will need a redevelopment plan. The owner also collects all documents for the premises (technical passport, floor plan and redevelopment scheme).

Along with the application, the owner submits them to the architectural department of the city administration. The review procedure takes about 45 days.

If you have given consent, repairs begin. After completion of the work, an inspection is carried out by specialists from the technical inventory bureau.

Then you receive new documents for the premises and apply with them to Rosreestr or MFC to obtain a certificate of title to the new property.

Medium-sized house according to Neufert

In a medium-sized house, it is recommended to separate the bedrooms and combine rooms with similar functionality: for example, a kitchen and a living room with a dining area, or even a kitchen, living room and hall. It is important here that the relationships between the rooms are convenient.

Types of residential premises

The Housing Code of the Russian Federation includes three types of facilities for human habitation in the general concept:

1. In the legislation, a residential building is considered to be a separate building of various layouts and number of storeys, consisting of rooms intended for housing and auxiliary areas serving for the use of household or other needs of the persons living in it; utilities are provided by housing and communal services.
2. An apartment or part thereof is a separate area allocated in the structure of an apartment building, consisting of one or several rooms and, and serving for the use of household or other needs, auxiliary rooms, with a common entrance to the entrance and a personal entrance directly to the home.
3. A room is a certain limited part of the area of ​​a house or apartment intended directly for residence by the owner or another person.

One type of apartment is a communal apartment, which involves the residence of several unrelated families in the same area. It can be either privately or municipally owned. The allocation of space occurs in accordance with established norms and rules based on the square meters per person.

Big house according to Neufert

Large houses are distinguished by the possibility of insolating the premises at exactly the right time of the day (for example, you can arrange bedrooms on the eastern side of the house) and the ability to arrange volumes that consist of several floors. Here comfort comes to the fore: if the owner plans to throw parties, you can provide a dance floor and a bar; if the owner prefers a constructive and creative lifestyle to an idle lifestyle, then a workshop and study. But the above projects show how reasonable and functional everything is: utility rooms are conveniently located next to the additional entrance, children's rooms are as far away from the dance floor as possible, and the pantry serves as a buffer between the kitchen and dining room.

Residential premises: classification by ownership

The right of ownership is the right of a person to own, use and dispose of housing at his own will and discretion, without violating a number of rules and restrictions prescribed in the Housing Code of the Russian Federation.

According to the form of ownership, residential premises are:

• private (privatized) – housing belongs to the owner indicated in the documents;
• state-owned (non-privatized) - these include municipal and service housing, which is in the direct possession of the state, without the right to persons living in it to carry out sales or donation transactions;
• collective - housing is divided among all persons included in the share;
• public organizations - for example, communal apartments may belong to various government agencies and governing bodies.

The owner is the one whose name appears on the title documents.

Summarizing

When determining how many rooms there should be in a private house, designers often use the formula: number of permanent residents +1. This is a rough formula, but it can be easily adapted to a specific family: you have or are planning to have small children - in a few years they will need separate rooms. Relatives or friends stay for a long time - they need somewhere to sleep. The owner works at home - he needs an office. The housewife is obsessed with sports - it is better to give her a separate room for this. It is already difficult for parents to live alone - it is necessary to provide them with a comfortable room with a close bathroom.

When planning the premises of your future home, you need to imagine your life in 10-15 years.

It is also necessary to adhere to the following room sizes (anything less is no longer comfortable).

What can PSN be turned into?

The entrepreneur has his own ideas on how to use the premises for free purposes, and what requirements are his priority. A small business (hair salon, cafe) is interested in a small area and a crowded place; organizing a warehouse requires transport accessibility for heavy vehicles. They will most likely look for a place for an office closer to the city center and see if there is transport and parking nearby. When opening a store, they will evaluate the image of the area and the solvency of the residents. You shouldn’t open a boutique in a residential area.

The proximity of popular places in the city, a train station, and an airport often matters. Sometimes it is important for tenants that the entrance to the building is from the street, or that the office is located on the 1st floor.

Recommended area of ​​the house

Corridors, halls, stairs add another 10-15% of the total area of ​​the rooms.

On FORUMHOUSE you will find information that will help you design your own home, a fascinating discussion of the principles of rational planning, as well as any current issues regarding home planning. Read a useful article about the features of the layout of a private house, watch a video about an unusual and functional house design.

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What are the benefits of renting PSN?

Someone is just starting their own business and rents a small room on the 1st floor of a residential building. Another is developing industrial production, which means large areas of the former factory are needed. What makes entrepreneurs choose to rent PSN: • Versatility. You can open an office, a children's center, a warehouse, an administrative office, or a store. It all depends on the purpose of the tenant. If desired, you can change your field of activity. • Equipment. The necessary communications are provided (water supply, electricity, heating). To start work, you need to make cosmetic repairs (not always), get furniture and equipment. • Selection of locations. PSN is easy to select in the area where it is appropriate and convenient. • Price selection. The rental price depends on the location, PSN area and class of real estate. You can always find a suitable option. • Possibility of business expansion. Additional space can be taken nearby, in the same building, or a building nearby can be rented. • Benefit. Renting real estate is cheaper than buying. And it’s not necessary, especially at the first stage. You can find an object for any business: dry cleaning, shopping center, currency exchange office.

Of course, the tenant himself decides how to use the free premises. But when choosing, pay attention to 2 criteria:

In-depth inspection of the premises

After the premises have passed the initial selection according to the criteria listed above, conduct an in-depth analysis. This can be done independently or with the involvement of specialized organizations.

What to do:

• assessment of the quality of the building, safety, as well as compliance with the reality of the declared communications and capacities . This inspection is called an engineering review. It is carried out by specialized independent centers of construction expertise;
• landlord verification . To do this, request ownership documents or another document confirming that the lessor has the right to dispose of the property. If the premises are subleased, ask for a copy of the primary lease agreement - there may be a ban or restrictions on subletting;
• checking debts and restrictions imposed on the premises . If this check is not carried out, along with the premises you will receive debts for housing and communal services, litigation, the subject of which is the premises or other trouble. You can check this by requesting an extract from the Unified State Register from the landlord;
• check the premises and the landlord for open litigation . This can be done on the website of the arbitration court by entering the details of the owner of the premises or his TIN;
• checking building plans . Contact the City Planning Committee to find out if there are plans to demolish the building.

Organizations do not conduct comprehensive examinations based on all of the listed criteria. It is advisable to contact a specialized company to assess the quality of the premises and communications, and everything else can be checked independently.

The cost of services of construction and technical experts depends on the region. In Moscow and the region, examination costs from 10 thousand rubles. The final cost is also affected by the area of ​​the premises and the level of the inspection organization.

How to open a nail salon or office

State

The last step is to check the condition of the room. This should be done last, when the room already meets all other parameters.

Analyzing the condition, estimate how much money you will have to spend on repairs, zoning, and communications. Feel free to multiply the resulting amount by 1.3-1.5 - the estimate increases by approximately the same amount compared to the original amount.

When assessing the condition, check:

• integrity of walls and partitions;
• quality of floor and ceiling;
• connection and operability of communications - water, sewerage, electricity, ventilation, and in their absence - the possibility of connecting them independently;
• general condition - is there any mold on the walls, absence of insects.

How to name a manicure studio or office - sources of ideas

Patency

This criterion is especially important for salons that plan to work with incoming traffic.

Patency is assessed in two ways:

• logically. This is an assessment from the series “there are always a lot of people on such and such a street, traffic is high”;
• practically.

Practical assessment - you take a place near the room and count how many people will pass by in one hour. Also analyze the traffic intensity - how many cars will pass by in an hour.

All these people presumably saw your salon and about 30 percent of them may well become future clients.

How to direct people from the street to a beauty salon

Competitors

Timely assessment of competitors nearby will allow:

• understand the feasibility of placing a beauty salon in this room;
• evaluate the strategies of other owners;
• develop a unique proposal based on analysis.

Competitive assessment includes 3 stages:

1. Number of competitors nearby. It is advisable to take into account establishments located in the near zone - within a radius of 1 km;
2. Assessing the services offered in the area;
3. Advantages and disadvantages of competitors.

We will not dwell on the qualitative analysis of competitors; we will consider only the first point – quantity.

Why exactly 1 km? One kilometer is the distance that a person can easily walk on foot, without a car, or without taking public transport. That is, if a potential client decides to get a manicure, then most likely he will not look further than 1 km from his location.

It’s easy to identify the number of competitors - open Yandex.Maps or 2gis, select the appropriate category of establishments in the settings and see how many there are near you.

Evaluate not only direct, but also indirect competitors. Indirect competitors are organizations that satisfy the same customer need, but using other tools.

For a beauty salon, indirect competitors are:

• SPA salons;
• massage parlors;
• fitness centers;
• cosmetology centers and clinics.

This proximity plays into your hands, because there are already clients there and with a high degree of probability they will come to you.

The absence of competitors in the location may indicate that this location is not suitable for a salon or studio. This does not apply to new areas.

Probably a good option would be the presence of several indirect competitors in the area, and the absence of establishments of your format.

Are you happy with the price?

A significant advantage of PSN is the price. The cost per square meter in the city center differs from the price per meter on the outskirts and depends on the layout, floor, quality of communications and repairs. You can look, compare and find a suitable option.

When an entrepreneur chooses a place to open, for example, a store, he will think: “What is better: a free-use premises or a store?” There is specialized real estate on the market with a specific purpose. But its price is much higher than that of PSN.

The fixed layout of such a facility often creates problems. Having rented the target property - a “shop”, an entrepreneur will not be able, if desired, to repurpose it into a hairdressing salon or rental office.

Beginning entrepreneurs often resort to renting vacant premises.
This is correct - a newly opened business may not take off; it is better not to take risks. But even those who are doing well, who are thinking about expanding their business, are in no hurry to buy commercial real estate, but prefer to rent PSN. Other blogs

What is a building?

A building is a ground-type structure that has a specific design and internal space . Such an object is intended for living, working or for use for industrial technical needs.

Building

The terminology excludes the meaning of a building as buildings that lack internal space. It is incorrect to call overpasses, bridges, cooling towers, above-ground and underground structures, tunnels, and dams buildings. They relate to structures for technical and industrial purposes.

The results of the work of builders are usually called the term “building”. Distinctive parameters are considered to be the presence of:

• Volumetric parameters of architectural design.
• The presence of an above-ground part.
• Presence of an underground part.
• Internal room type.
• Availability of networks and communications.

There is also a certain structure of the building, which implies the existence of elements:

1. Premises . They are formed by zoning the internal space of the building by erecting wall partitions.

The number of floors in a room depends on the level of location above the horizon line, calculated when carrying out design work.

2. Basement . It is a floor that is located in the fundamental area of ​​the building.
3. Ground floor . Involves location in the blind area of ​​the building.
4. Ground floor , located above the building's horizon level.
5. The attic space is located in front of the roof, at the very top of the building.
6. Attic . It is a room that has been put into operation under the ceilings of a pitched or gable roof.
7. Technical floor . Provides an area where the entire communication sphere of the building is concentrated.

Modern buildings