The main array of buildings in almost any city are residential buildings in which citizens live. The only exception is the capitals of states, where many administrative buildings and public facilities are traditionally concentrated. Therefore, we will pay special attention to the topic of housing throughout today’s lesson. As part of the lesson, we will look at both current regulations and the practice of their use and the real situation in the housing and communal services sector.
The purpose of the lesson: understand what types of residential buildings and types of apartments exist, what requirements a residential building must meet. After studying this lesson, you will become familiar with the features of each type of housing, methods of managing the housing stock, and also learn what rules exist for the use of housing stock and common spaces (entrance, yard, etc.).
We will focus our main attention on the situation in the housing and communal services sector of the Russian Federation, and where appropriate, we will make a short excursion into the practice of other countries.
Dormitory project
glebati09
Yesterday, 16:47
- 100
5 497
A diploma project with an architectural, structural, technological and cost estimate section, as well as an explanatory note with a thermal calculation of the thickness of the insulation of the wall, attic and basement floors of the building. The purpose of the building is residential; The shape of the building in plan is rectangular; Type of planning solution – corridor; Building dimensions
Architectural drawings. Multi-storey houses and buildings / Architectural. Public buildings
Facade finishing
The appearance of the residential complex plays an important role. A brick house often does not need additional finishing; the technology for plastering the facade also does not raise any questions. But, in addition to well-known and common technologies, new modern approaches are emerging. Among the options for external decoration of facades, technologies such as monolithic ventilated facades and wet facades have become popular.
Ventilated facades
Ventilated facades significantly speed up work on the exterior finishing of a new building
Ventilated facades came to our market from Finland and Germany. It is worth noting that in Europe this technology is used mainly only for the reconstruction of low-rise non-residential buildings.
The ventilated façade consists of a metal supporting frame, thermal insulation material, an air gap between the wall surface and the finishing, and cladding panels. The choice of materials and design nuances depends on the financial capabilities of the construction company and the characteristics of the object as a whole.
The advantages of the technology include additional thermal insulation and acceleration of the process of cladding a house in comparison, for example, with brick cladding. Disadvantage - the slightest failure to comply with the technology can lead to problems such as cracks, wind noise, blowing.
Wet facades
Wet facades are an alternative to ventilated facades.
Thermal insulation material is attached to the surface of the wall, which is painted with plaster made of fiberglass and synthetic materials. Pros: good sound insulation, durable aesthetics. As in the case of ventilated facades, proper technical execution is required.
Read about how the building material of a house affects the shrinkage process of a house and when it is worth making repairs in a panel, monolithic or brick new building.
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25-storey residential building with 184 apartments
Alexey Babochiev
December 19, 2021
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2 250
The residential building is 25-storey in plan with axial dimensions of 31.0 x 31.0 m. The building is designed from one block section. First and second floor at elevation. 0.000 and +3.600 are reserved for retail premises. All apartments in the building have cross or corner ventilation due to the local climate (hot, humid summers with northwest winds). Height
Architectural drawings. Multi-storey houses and buildings / Revit
Brick houses
As the name implies, the basis for the walls in such buildings are bricks. The latter can be silicate or ceramic. This is influenced by the type of raw material. In silicate ones there is sand and lime, and in ceramic ones there is clay. According to their structure, bricks can be solid or hollow, containing up to 50 percent voids.
Advantages of brick houses:
- Excellent sound and heat insulation;
- Ability to create any architectural forms;
- High durability, as evidenced by ancient buildings that have survived for hundreds and even thousands of years.
Flaws:
- Restrictions on number of storeys. Brick buildings are rarely tall;
- In order for these houses to be warm in winter in the Russian climate, the thickness of the walls should be two bricks, which reduces the internal area;
- The slowest pace of construction is one and a half years and above;
- Low seismic resistance;
- The high weight of a brick structure leads to the need for a strong foundation. Moreover, such houses shrink.
6-storey 24-apartment residential building
Kirill Doronin
December 15, 2021
- 0
228
Graduation project. Contains RPZ and drawings: facades, ground floor plan, sections, explication of premises, general plan, foundation plan, floor plan, roof plan, structural units, floor design, work schedule, SGP, section 1-1, instructions for work, technical safety regulations , calendar plan, etc. The six-story facility has a high-rise
Project drawings / Architectural drawings. Multi-storey houses and buildings
Advantages of monolithic houses:
- Highest strength. If the frame of a monolithic house is poured with high quality, such a house will last for a very long time (a hundred years or more). Earthquake-resistant foundations allow such houses to be the most reliable in areas with a high risk of earthquakes;
- A monolithic house does not shrink, which facilitates and speeds up the foundation construction process;
- The ability to move as far as possible from standard layout options;
- You can start renovations immediately after purchasing an apartment, since there is no shrinkage;
- Relatively high construction speed - 1-2 years;
- The number of floors can be very large, as eloquently demonstrated by super-tall skyscrapers;
- Less weight compared to brick houses.
Minuses:
- In some cases, additional heat and sound insulation is required;
- Redevelopment is very difficult;
- The impossibility of full-fledged work in winter, as well as high demands on the quality of pouring and compacting concrete.
Planning project for a residential neighborhood for 5,900 people
88002015
November 27, 2021
- 0
267
Characteristics of the location of the microdistrict in the structure of the city and its natural conditions. Calculation of the main parameters of the microdistrict: - calculation of the project population of the microdistrict; — calculation of the housing stock and its distribution by type of residential buildings; — calculation of the capacity of daily service facilities; — calculation of the territorial needs of individual
Project drawings / Architectural drawings. Multi-storey houses and buildings
Apartment owners have common property
GZHI filed an appeal, pointing out that the land plot, although it belongs to the common property of the apartment building, is not a common premises. Therefore, the presence of such a plot cannot be a sign that the house is an apartment building. A residential building consisting of two apartments with separate exits to a land plot without direct access to common areas is not multi-apartment. The disputed house has the characteristics of a residential building of a blocked development in accordance with Art. 49 Civil Code of the Russian Federation.
The Court of Appeal, repeating the arguments of its colleagues and fully agreeing with them, also added that
- The disputed building is recognized as an apartment building due to the presence of common property in it: a single roof and a single solid facade, a common foundation, one plot of land, and intra-building utilities for energy supply.
- The presence of common property entails the possibility of managing it by a specialized organization.
- The technical passport of the house indicates the presence of attic floors; accordingly, the house has an attic, which is a room intended to serve more than one apartment, and is part of the common property of the owners of the premises.
The Court of Appeal confirmed the legality of recognizing the building as an apartment building and, therefore, the illegality of the refusal of the State Housing Authority to make changes to the register of licenses according to the application of the management organization. The dispute moved to the cassation court, which completely agreed with the previous decisions. The Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, to which the State Housing Inspectorate appealed, refused to consider the complaint, having found no grounds for this.
As a result, the house was recognized as an apartment building, and the State Housing Authority was obliged to make changes to the register of licenses of the region in accordance with the results of an open competition for the selection of management entities.
On the extension of the contract with the management company, concluded based on the results of an open competition
85291
Multifunctional 10-story office building with retail and catering premises
Jyidem
November 25, 2021
- 0
1 201
Multifunctional 10-story office building with retail and catering premises. In this diploma project, a project for a “Multifunctional building in Novokuybyshevsk” was developed, which includes sections: AR, KZH, OiF, TiOSP. a 10-story office building being designed with retail and catering premises; the 1st floor is designed as administrative and
Architectural drawings. Multi-storey houses and buildings / Architectural. Public buildings
Site preparation is an important stage for the construction of a skyscraper
Even at the pre-design stage, it is important to assess the impact of the structure on the ground.
Since the soil is the basis for a large complex, testing it is one of the primary tasks. The deformation modulus is taken into account, that is, how much the earth layer will sag. To do this, experienced surveyors are hired, they must conduct comprehensive engineering surveys on the ground, in laboratories, and then prepare a report according to which the maximum loads on the site will be known.
During the work they study:
- terrain, the presence of ravines and other irregularities, the ability to level them;
- site slope;
- groundwater level and its composition - this is necessary to determine the effect of liquid on the foundation;
- climatic conditions – wind force, maximum precipitation, temperature changes;
- seismic status;
- soil quality - the presence of impurities, its composition - sand, clay, black soil, swampy plain, etc.
Thanks to this data, the technology for laying and reinforcing the base is determined. The design of reinforced concrete structures of a multi-storey building is based on indicators such as:
- deformation;
- draft;
- bank;
- deflection
If they are high, then the reinforced concrete foundation is made stronger and deeper, and reinforcement is laid more often. In addition, the soil is strengthened.
The Geonium program from ZVSOFT is suitable for pre-design work. It is used by surveyors to conduct engineering surveys, create a topographical map of the area, as well as prepare a general plan and draw a communications laying diagram. Geonium is installed on the ZWCAD CAD system, which is used to design skyscrapers.
Multi-storey single-entrance residential building with a public part of 16 floors
Arina Levina
November 11, 2021
- 0
464
Course project. Contains RPZ, 3d model and drawings: plans of the 1st and typical floors, section 1-1, facades, general plan, visualization, floor roof. Includes a 3D model of the general perspective of a multi-story residential building. Project of one entrance multi-storey residential building with a public part. The building has a stepped plan. One-section house,
Architectural drawings. Multi-storey houses and buildings / ArhiCAD
Buildings from the time of Brezhnev - Brezhnevka (BR)
Back in 1963, new types of houses with improved layouts were developed and implemented for mass development. Thus, Brezhnevka’s houses appeared. They differ from the buildings of Khrushchev's time in that they were built from reinforced concrete. The size of staircase landings has increased, and the number of apartments on them has decreased. The corridor is still small, but in an apartment with two rooms, with a layout of “windows in different directions”, the corridor has become slightly larger. A corridor was added to the layout of singles, which divided the room from the kitchen. After all, before, to get to the kitchen, you had to cross the room. But, unfortunately, in solitary confinement during the Brezhnev era, the living area was reduced by 15 square meters. meters and 28 sq. meters - total. Apartments with two and three rooms have changed, since the project was already different - the walk-through rooms and the combined bathroom were removed. In addition, four-room apartments were added to the buildings. The ceilings “grew” to 2.9 m. Brezhnevka apartments are located in those areas where construction took place in the 60s and 70s of the twentieth century.
9-storey residential building
vardan-1607
October 17, 2021
- 0
1 109
Working draft. Contains RPZ and drawings: facades, roof plan, floor plans, section 1-1, machine room plan, axis developments, staircase, elevator, entrance to the technical underground, exterior decoration, technical underground plan. 9-storey residential building in 15 microdistrict. Tobolsk. The relative level of 0.000 is taken to be the level of the finished floor of the first floor of the building, corresponding
Project drawings / Architectural drawings. Multi-storey houses and buildings
Standard and individual projects
The exact height of a 16-story building is determined only by the existing project. In the era of state planning, when the need for cheap housing was great, all standard projects underwent examination.
Testing was also carried out in ministries and special commissions, and the parameters were chosen not so much based on consumer convenience, but on the possibility of reducing costs and saving:
- At a time when the scale of construction was colossal, even minor cost savings produced amazing results, allowing the construction of thousands of new square meters of living space.
- The five-story panel-type building was recognized as the most economical building. This made it possible to save on fire escapes, installation of elevators, landings, attics and basements. Somewhat later, the option of building nine-story buildings appeared, due to which the development of agricultural areas in width was reduced. At the same time, they also saved on fire escapes.
- It was the construction of panel houses that made it possible to derive the greatest benefit: the height of a nine-story building made it possible to extinguish fires using the usual equipment of fire engines. At the same time, the production of building parts for standard projects required only minor restructuring of house-building plants, and for brick factories in small towns no re-equipment was required.
Design nuances
There is no need to talk about a comparative analysis of projects of the Khrushchev and Stalin eras with later construction, which started in the late 70s. Because until the beginning of the Brezhnev period of large-scale construction, preference was given to 5-story buildings.
They provided quite a lot of apartments, allowing for significant savings.
Even a six-story building, according to state standards, required an elevator, but a five-story building could do just fine without one.
The construction of high-rise buildings, according to the designers' calculations, was more expensive. And not only due to the equipment of more powerful lifts to significant heights and a larger number of passengers. Significant costs accounted for the cost of the roof and underground part, as well as the inputs and outputs of a larger number of utilities.
The sixteen-story building seems to save costs. Instead of 3 roofs, the house requires only one, as well as a pit, basement and inputs. But a reduction in the cost of 1 house with 16 floors (instead of 3 standard 5 floors) by 6–7% led to an increase in prices in other aspects.
It was necessary to strengthen the load-bearing structures, stairs and elevator unit. In addition to this, there was a need to build temporary elevators for the construction of the upper floors. It was possible to build a house with a higher number of floors (12, 16 or more) only in compliance with state design standards.
However, it is difficult to indicate a single and exact parameter in response to the question of how many meters in height a 16-story building is, since it depends on many factors. Projects for such buildings were developed in Moscow, Leningrad, Kyiv and other regions of the USSR.
There was also a Tashkent one, which was compiled taking into account climatic conditions, means and possibilities for re-equipping the DSK.
Five-story residential building with 50 apartments
Alexander 29
September 26, 2021
- 0
1 742
Working draft. Contains drawings: basement plan, 1-5 floors; explication of premises; roof plan; roofing units; cuts 1-1, 2-2; blind area unit; frame plan; floor plan; specification of elements for filling window openings; plan of the pile field; frame plan; reaming layout plan; reaming Rcm-1, Rcm-2, Rcm-3,
Project drawings / Architectural drawings. Multi-storey houses and buildings
The main risks when buying an apartment in a new building
Buying an apartment on the secondary market can promise a lot of troubles in the foreseeable future. It is quite possible that in a few years the high-rise building may be demolished due to its disrepair. However, this point is typical only for the largest cities. In the rest of Russia, the process of relocating people from dilapidated housing is not as active. Of course, in this case there is no threat of a long and complicated relocation process, but the prospect of living in a crumbling house (and the technical condition of some of them is such that they are literally falling apart) is no better.
The purchase of houses in new buildings usually occurs both in the case of a ready-made house, where prices are very high, and at the stage of buildings that are just being constructed. The latter is called shared construction and provides the opportunity to purchase treasured square meters at the best price.
However, there are still many risks involved, and thousands of deceived shareholders will not let you lie. Therefore, before deciding to invest in a particular project, it is recommended to conduct analytical work. It consists of the following:
- A careful study of the developer himself. Fame, time on the market, positive and negative reviews, and the fact of being involved in scandals are important. Information about the construction company must be comprehensive. You must know the director, contact numbers, office address, and the like. If any of this causes concern, it is better to trust your intuition;
- The project declaration, accreditation of the developer in credit institutions, information about the future object, transaction methodology and the degree of responsibility of the contractor are analyzed;
- It is advisable to find out everything about the type of materials used, to identify the degree of their environmental and radiation safety.
Important! Sources of information are: the official website, which should not cause any complaints, specialized forums. In addition, the speed of construction is important. A monolithic house grows by 1-2.5 floors per month, and a panel house grows by 3-5 floors. If construction is slow, there may be problems.
Multi-storey panel house with 9 floors
Evgenia Vladimirovna
September 18, 2021
- 0
1 177
Drawings: typical floor plan at elevation. +3,600, plan of floor slabs at elevation. +3,400, foundation plan at elevation. -2.458, roof plan, plan of covering slabs at elevation. +34,400, facade 1-14, section 1-1, section 2-2. Residential apartment building of industrial type from fully prefabricated structures. Available without VIP. For free.
Category with free drawings, projects and 3D / Architectural drawings. Multi-storey houses and buildings
