What types and forms of business are there - all areas and industries in lists and tables

We live in an era of change! The massive introduction of automation technologies is changing the face of the world around us beyond recognition, and this gives a chance to everyone who wants to open their own business. Let's talk about what types, forms and industries of business exist in Russia and the world, and also give a list of varieties in the table.

Brief characteristics of species

Each industry has its own characteristics; it is impossible to list them all in one article, so we will consider only the main ones.

Spheres:

• Production of goods and services, extraction of resources. The activity is aimed at creating new values, as well as extracting profit from this process. No one will argue that this area is the basis of the entire world economy, and other types are secondary in relation to it.
• Trade. The essence of entrepreneurship is the distribution of produced goods and resources. There are wholesale and retail trade, as well as regional and international.
• Finance. Banks, leasing and insurance companies are all in the financial sector. Many call it the shortest route to wealth, but there is high competition and many pitfalls.
• Consulting. Represents the provision of legal, accounting and other services to entrepreneurs and organizations. Not only novice businessmen need professional advice; from time to time, large companies that do not have the necessary specialists turn to consulting organizations.

Don’t confuse business areas, types and forms; let’s talk about what they are.

Forms of ownership in the economy

A modern market economy is an economy with mixed ownership. Therefore, the law recognizes various types of property, including mixed ones.

Forms of ownership are discussed in detail in high school social studies classes. We will consider only the main classifications.

Forms of ownership in the Russian Federation are divided into the following types:

1. State federal - natural resources included in economic circulation, means of production, information, that is, everything that is under the jurisdiction and disposal of the state and under its responsibility.
2. State regional - all the same, transferred to the subjects of the Federation.
3. Municipal property, which is under the jurisdiction of local governments.
4. Private - property of citizens and legal entities.
5. Property of public organizations.

From the point of view of legal regulation, property can be divided into the following groups:

• Real estate - land, buildings, structures, infrastructure.
• Movable property is something that can be moved: machinery, equipment, tools.
• Intellectual property is a product of human mental activity: scientific works, manuscripts, inventions, discoveries, achievements in art and literature.

Classification of forms of ownership by legal regime:

• Based on the subjects (owners) of property - individual citizens, groups, legal entities, the state.
• According to the form of appropriation - individual, collective and state property.
• According to the composition of subjects (owners) - individual, group, public.

Types of property based on numerical characteristics:

• Private property is something that belongs to one person.
• Collective property is something that belongs to a group of people, and each of them has some part in this property.
• Public property is something that belongs to everyone.

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Marking

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E-commerce

Speed, accuracy of acceptance and shipment of goods in the warehouse is the cornerstone in the E-commerce business. Start using modern, more efficient mobile tools.

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Institutions

Increase the accuracy of accounting for the organization’s property, the level of control over the safety and movement of each item. Mobile accounting will reduce the likelihood of theft and natural losses.

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Production

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RFID

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EGAIS

Eliminate errors in comparing and reading excise duty stamps for alcoholic beverages using mobile accounting tools.

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Use modern mobile tools to carry out product inventory. Increase the speed and accuracy of your business process.

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Mobile automation

Use modern mobile tools to account for goods and fixed assets in your enterprise. Completely abandon accounting “on paper”.

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Legal form and characteristics of a commercial organization

Commercial state and non-state companies are created to make a profit. The procedure for their registration and the specifics of their work depend on the form of ownership of the company.

Distinctive features of a legal entity

Registration of a legal entity means the presence of:

• registration entry in the Unified State Register of Legal Entities with entering details and TIN code;
• current bank account;
• property in the possession of the organization;
• liability for obligations with company property;
• independent balance or estimate;
• the right to act as a plaintiff or defendant in court hearings.

The listed characteristics define the company as a separate entity. The relationship between firms is determined by the terms of the concluded contracts.

LLC: meaning and characteristics

Limited liability company (this abbreviation is defined) is a company with an authorized capital based on the initial contributions of the founders. The minimum initial deposit amount is 10,000 rubles. The number of founders is from 1 to 50.

The company is governed by a founding council, which elects an executive director to lead the company. If this is required, especially as the scale of the enterprise increases, the formation of a board of directors, supervisory and audit commission is provided.

The company operates on the basis of the charter. The name “limited liability” is explained by the fact that investors are not liable with personal property for the work of the company, limited to the amount invested. In case of bankruptcy, the property of the LLC is subject to sale for debts.

Profit is distributed depending on the percentage of share participation of investors.

Advantages of opening an LLC

The advantages of the LLC ownership form are as follows:

• the possibility of increasing the authorized capital through additional investors;
• a simplified scheme of relationships with partners;
• introducing a corporate name to promote the brand;
• opening a separate bank account to receive credit funds;
• cooperation with major partners (including the state), limiting work with individual entrepreneurs.

Organizations with this form of ownership find it easier to overcome bureaucratic obstacles and are more likely to win a tender and become a participant in a government program.

What are OJSC and CJSC and why were they abolished?

The form of ownership of a CJSC is similar to that of an LLC. The difference is that instead of equity participation, the founder's contribution is determined by the block of shares. The number of participants is also limited to 50. The founders do not have the right to sell shares to the outside, so the transfer of the package is carried out in a closed circle of people.

Unlike a closed joint stock company, an open joint stock company is an open form of joint stock company without limiting the number of participants with the right to freely sell shares.

The main distinctive features of a closed joint stock company:

• Shares are sold between members of the organization, excluding outsiders.
• The transfer of shares to third-party buyers is permitted if the participants have refused additional investments in the enterprise and do not object to the sale of assets to other owners.
• During the registration process, property is assessed based on the results of an independent examination. Upon completion, a block of shares is issued and distributed among investors. Participants contribute their shares, forming the authorized capital, with money or property.
• An increase in capital is provided through additional investments from the founders or the attraction of other investors. In this case, it is necessary to change the charter of the company to reflect the change in the number of participants in the enterprise.
• The work of the organization must be properly formalized from the legal side.

Since 2014, the legislation of the Russian Federation has undergone changes: public and non-public joint-stock companies have been adopted instead of OJSC and CJSC. LLC is included among non-public forms of ownership.

This transformation is associated with strengthening state control over the work of joint-stock companies and streamlining the securities market.

PJSC – Public Joint Stock Company

PJSC is an analogue of the OJSC that existed before the 2014 changes. This enterprise is managed by a general meeting of shareholders who decide on the development of the enterprise. Operational management is the responsibility of the general (executive) director, who is accountable to the board of directors.

Financial and economic activities are controlled by the Audit Commission. A meeting of shareholders is held annually to make decisions on the company’s operations, development directions, distribution and payment of dividends.

Requirements applicable to PJSC

A PJSC is created with an authorized capital of at least 100,000 rubles. The organization has the following requirements:

• Mandatory indication of the public status of the company.
• The presence of a board of directors with a quantitative composition depending on the size of the authorized capital. Minimum – 5 people, if the number of shareholders exceeds 1 thousand – 7, more than 10 thousand – 9.
• Shareholders do not have the right to expand their own powers. Due to the management complexities characteristic of corporations, the professionalism of investors is not always sufficient to resolve issues in a qualified manner.
• Accounting and financial reporting for paying taxes and making profits are prepared openly, with quarterly publication of data, including for the workforce. The public has the right to learn about the company’s performance results and review its reports.
• The place and time of convening meetings of shareholders are announced publicly.

These requirements are designed to increase the attractiveness of PJSC to attract investors and transparency of the company’s work.

Differences between PJSC and non-public JSC

Unlike PJSC, CJSC limits the circle of investors. Restrictions are also associated with the publication of information about the company.

These conditions increase the confidentiality of businessmen participating in the organization of the company. But this leads to a reduction in the scale of activity - the number of participants is reduced, which makes it impossible to use a closed joint stock company for large enterprises that require a large authorized capital and attract serious finance.

Individual entrepreneur "IP"

An individual entrepreneur is a transitional link between an individual and a legal entity. The term individual entrepreneur is understood as a capable citizen running a business for the purpose of generating income.

Positive aspects of choosing the individual entrepreneur form:

• registration requires a minimum of documentation, the registration procedure is simpler than for a society;
• the amount of state duty is lower than when registering an LLC;
• the entrepreneur is not obliged to keep accounting records in full;
• reporting to the tax service is provided to a minimum extent;
• a businessman has the right to apply for participation in a government program aimed at supporting small businesses;
• the proceeds are spent by the entrepreneur without restrictions, unlike an LLC, where the manager distributes income quarterly;
• it is not necessary to open a bank account;
• the amount of penalties and tax deductions is less than for other forms of enterprise.

An individual entrepreneur does not need to create an authorized capital and complicate the company’s management structure, or develop constituent documentation. The businessman alone manages the company. But this same condition determines responsibility.

In case of bankruptcy, the entrepreneur is responsible for debts with personal property.

But, along with the advantages, there are disadvantages. The state limits the areas of activity for individual entrepreneurs. If a businessman plans to trade in alcoholic beverages or engage in investments, it is preferable to choose an LLC.

Types of small businesses

Most enterprises in our country and in the world fall into this category.

The following are the industries that are most popular in Russia.

According to organizational and legal

Russian legislation provides for the following types: as entrepreneurship (IP), self-employment, unitary organizations, OJSC, LLC, cooperatives, peasant farms, etc.

Much depends on the choice of one form or another; this is an important stage in creating a business. Entrepreneurs often take into account only the tax regime, and this is really important, but during times of crisis, economists recommend choosing the organizational form that will leave you maximum freedom when making decisions.

By area of ​​activity

According to this characteristic, there are five main varieties:

• Production of goods and services.
• Commerce.
• Trade.
• Finance.
• Consulting.

Joint ownership

Joint ownership is common property without determining shares. The existence of joint ownership is explained by the presence of close personal ties between its participants. It should be noted that joint ownership of an apartment arises only in special cases (Article 244 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation) - during privatization and when spouses purchase housing. In other cases, common property can only be shared.

In case of common joint ownership, the participants have shares, but their size in the common property is not determined and is recognized as equal. This is considered to be the housing of spouses acquired during marriage using common funds, unless there are other instructions in this regard in the marriage contract (Article 256 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation). In case of division or inheritance of property, shares must be allocated. If one of the owners wants to sell, donate or exchange their part of the joint property, the apartment is transferred to shared ownership.

The disposal of property (and/or determination of shares) that is jointly owned is carried out by agreement of all its participants (Article 253 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation). If the owners make an appropriate decision (or if agreement is not reached, by a court decision), shared ownership of these persons may be established on the common property.

After allocating a share, the owner has the right to dispose of his share, however, he must take into account the interests of other owners - their right to pre-emptive purchase (more on this later).

If the allocation of a share in kind from joint ownership is impossible (for example, in a one-room apartment), the allocated owner has the right to receive payment to him of the value of his share (with his consent or by a court decision) by other participants in shared ownership in the form of a sum of money or other compensation (Article 252 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation).

Industries with minimal investment

Having your own business is not always expensive; you can engage in many types of business with an amount of 30 thousand rubles or less. There are ways to make money that don’t require you to invest at all. Here are the types of businesses with minimal investment:

• Cleaning services, carpet cleaning.
• Laundry.
• Growing oyster mushrooms and other mushrooms.
• Car tuning.
• Car diagnostics before purchase.
• Making craft soap.
• Organization of holidays.
• Growing greens for sale.
• Hairdresser/makeup artist services.
• Sale of soft drinks.
• Fast food stall in a public place.
• Delivery of products to offices.
• Production and installation of greenhouses.
• Breeding ornamental fish.
• Opening a copier point, fast printing.
• Installation of suspended ceilings.

The list of ideas doesn't end there. Every person can find a promising activity to their liking, even if their finances are limited.

Non-profit organizations

Non-profit organizations do not aim to make a profit. The priority of their functioning is:

• formation of public opinion on various issues in the field of environmental protection, healthcare, use of natural resources, etc.;
• an association of citizens connected by common interests and hobbies (sports, gardening, physical education, etc.);
• other issues not related to making money.

Unlike commercial ones, the state sets the following requirements for these structures:

• generating income is not one of the main goals of the organization;
• income is not distributed among members;
• is financed by public or private entities and not through the activities of the organization;
• These companies are guided by the provisions of current laws.

Non-profit organizations can be part of a joint-stock company if the principles established for them are not violated. The existence of autonomous non-profit organizations (ANO) is allowed.

What kind of business is there: a list of all the new promising areas in the world

It's no secret that most young businesses close within the first year of opening. The reason is high competition. However, having an original idea will allow you to gain a place in the market and earn a reputation. Here is a list of promising areas, some of which are not even represented in Russia yet:

• Edible coffee cups. The container, which is made from wafers and icing, is very popular in the West. You can sell it to coffee shops and other catering establishments.
• Hawaiian style bars (or poko bars). Establishments with such cuisine, drinks and decorated in bungalow style are very popular today. Many novice entrepreneurs are afraid to get involved in the alcohol trade due to the complex control system. Our company's software will make working with barcodes easier.
• EMS fitness (know-how in the world of sports). Electrical muscle stimulation that increases training efficiency.
• Selling cold drinks from a backpack. A summer business that requires minimal investment, all you need is a cooler backpack and a set of drinks. They can be sold in parks, beaches and other public places.
• Hobby clubs are a modern re-issue of the Soviet cultural centers that many are nostalgic about today.
• Vending machine. This is the name for devices for trading various small items that are in demand. It is enough to place such a device in a walk-through place, and then you only need to replenish it with goods.
• Website for trading game accounts.
• Capsule hotel. Budget hotels, where dozens of people can fit in a small area, albeit without much comfort.
• Flowers in glycerin. Creating beautiful bouquets with their subsequent stabilization in a glycerin solution. This can even be called a new type of art, about which little is known in our country.
• Bars where visitors can make their own cocktails. The idea came from Japan and quickly conquered the world.
• Flower vending machines, which are freezers where small bouquets are placed. Install them in restaurants, supermarkets and parks. The costs will quickly pay for themselves.

What can be opened

Any business involves a certain degree of risk. So, a person can choose a future direction of activity for years, participate in seminars, trainings, save money, and then go broke in an instant. It also happens the other way around: a person makes a decision under the influence of an impulse, after which the product he created works for years. There is no universal recipe. But you can significantly increase your chances of success if you choose a business that you are good at.

Types of home entrepreneurship

Working from home is a dream for many people. And there are industries that allow you to earn money without taking off your slippers:

• Making cakes to order.
• Breeding small animals.
• Production of handmade soap and candles.
• Making crafts and souvenirs, soft dolls.
• Tailoring.
• Hairdresser and makeup artist services.
• Grooming cats and dogs.

Types of Internet business

• Creation of an online store.
• Websites to order.
• Online consultations.
• Internet Marketing.
• Training through online courses and webinars.
• Web promotion studio.
• Software and mobile application development.
• Dropshipping is an intermediary between the seller and the buyer.
• Software development.
• Resale of websites and domains.
• Creating communities on social networks.
• Remote administration.
• Development of websites and portals for the purpose of advertising.

Types of international entrepreneurship

Reaching a new level opens up prospects for entrepreneurs. But big returns also come with risks and significant increases in costs. In particular, the company will need to open representative offices in different countries.

Main directions:

• International cargo transportation.
• Export of goods to other countries.
• Organization of tours.
• Sale of franchises.

Types of passive activities

Such methods of earning money allow you to earn income without active participation. They can be a great addition to your main business or insurance in case of a crisis.

• Renting residential/commercial real estate.
• Purchase of securities.
• Writing books, developing courses and seminars.
• Creating a community on social networks.
• Issuance of loans.
• Transport rental.

You shouldn’t put all your eggs in one basket; risks need to be diversified. Passive business is good because it allows a person to create several sources of income.

Services sector

During times of crisis, it is this industry that suffers first. Therefore, you should invest very carefully in this direction.

What types of businesses are there, list:

• Repair of equipment, shoes and clothing.
• Private educational institution.
• Selection of cars.
• Detective agency.
• Consultations on various issues.
• Hair, eyelash and nail extensions.
• Food delivery.
• Organization of celebrations, such as weddings or New Years.
• Manufacturing of furniture to order.
• Realtor services.
• Moving, cargo transportation.
• Car and equipment rental.
• Organization of quests.

Privatization of housing

Privatization is the process of denationalization of property. Privatization of housing means the free transfer to citizens of residential premises located in the state and municipal housing stock (Section I of the Law of the Russian Federation “On Privatization...”). Each citizen has the right to acquire ownership through privatization of residential premises in the state and municipal housing stock for social use once.

An exception is made for minors who have become the owners of occupied residential premises in the manner of its privatization. This category of citizens retains the right to a one-time free privatization of residential premises in houses of the state and municipal housing stock after they reach the age of majority.

During privatization, residential premises may be transferred into the ownership of not all, but some of the persons living in it, in accordance with an agreement reached between them. Owners of a privatized residential building or apartment have the right to own, use and dispose of them at their own discretion: sell, bequeath, lease, and make other transactions that do not contradict the law.

There are 4 main forms of privatization execution:

• individual property - this form implies that the property belongs to one person. This may be when one person is registered in the apartment, or if all those living in it have renounced their rights in favor of one person.
• shared ownership - as a rule, used in the privatization of communal apartments. It is characterized by the exact size of the share of each owner. In the case of one family living, this form allows you to assign one of the rooms to each family member;
• common shared ownership - in this case, according to Art. 245 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, the shares of all residents who have privatized an apartment are recognized as equal (if they have not agreed on the actual division of the rooms);
• common joint property - in this case, the shares of the owners are not indicated (they are unallocated). Applies only to spouses and their minor children.

In the Russian Federation, free privatization of housing began in 1991 and will end on March 1, 2013.

How to turn your hobby into a sustainable business

Not every hobby can turn into a successful business, but if you do, you can earn a full-time income doing only what you love. Few people can boast of this.

Here are six simple tips to help you create a business:

• Don’t rush to quit your job and sell your property to open a business. Start with a small project that will allow you to evaluate the prospects of your chosen direction, and at the same time gain first experience.
• Soberly assess your strengths. Calculate how much time you are willing to devote to this business, what your expected income will be. Will this money be enough for you to maintain an acceptable standard of living?
• Create a detailed plan, it should be a document on paper, not abstract ideas in your head. It is best to order it from specialists, but this will require additional costs.
• Carefully choose the direction of future activity. You must be sure that your products or services will be in demand. Before investing time and effort into a business, evaluate the market prospects and the level of competition.
• Prepare start-up capital. If this is your first experience, then avoid borrowing at all costs. Under no circumstances should you mortgage your only home, although this will increase your motivation.
• Don't neglect modern technologies. Even before the start, open your website and create a page on social networks. Try to use automation tools as much as possible, for example, you can use special software. Cleverence offers many options for business optimization.

Before deciding to start a business, it is important to take an objective look at your strengths and weaknesses. Many people are not psychologically suited to engage in entrepreneurship in principle. Some people lack self-discipline, others lack determination. In addition, some varieties require certain personality traits, such as sociability, attentiveness, love of animals, etc.

Shared ownership

Shared ownership implies that each owner has a predetermined share in the ownership. According to Article 245 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, by agreement of all participants in shared ownership, a procedure for determining and changing shares depending on the contribution of each to the formation and increase of common property can be established.

Possession and use of residential premises in shared ownership are carried out by agreement of all co-owners. In the absence of such an agreement, they are established by the court. If the parties reach an agreement, separate use of the residential premises is possible, regardless of the size of their share in the common property.

Shares can be ideal or real. The real share corresponds to a specific object. Its allocation requires the technical ability to separate not only residential but also non-residential premises, as well as to make a separate entrance. Therefore, allocating a real share is possible in a private house, but not in an apartment in an apartment building. In practice, the share is determined in ideal terms. It is not connected to any real room or part of the apartment.

Often, it is actually impossible to isolate the shares due to the discrepancy between the real and ideal shares. In this regard, many difficulties arise - how to distribute income from such property, how to allocate shares when receiving an inheritance, etc.

In the case of donating his share to someone, its owner is not obliged to obtain the consent of other participants in shared ownership. If a share in the property is sold by one of its participants, the remaining participants in the shared ownership have the right of first refusal at the price and on the terms of its sale (except for sale at public auction). The seller of the share is obliged to inform the other participants in shared ownership in writing about the intention and conditions of the sale of his share. Cancellation of the purchase or acquisition of a share must be completed within a month. If the owner sells his share to one of the co-owners, he is not obliged to notify the others.

In the event of a violation of the pre-emptive right to purchase, any participant in shared ownership has the right to demand in court the transfer of the rights and obligations of the buyer to him within three months (Article 250 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation). If a court is considering a dispute about invalidating a contract for the purchase and sale of residential property by one of the participants in shared ownership, the court must find out whether the right of first refusal has been respected by both the seller and the other owners of this property.

Often the violators are not the sellers of the share, but the owners of other shares in the property. They try to create various difficulties for the seller, and the sale of a share in the property becomes a problem. In order not to receive notice of the sale, other participants do not open the doors, hide, or set fire to mailboxes. In this case, you can use the help of a notary. A special situation arises if one of the owners is a child. In this case, notification is sent to his parents. Sometimes you have to obtain consent from the guardianship authorities.

What areas are considered promising for a startup?

Here is the TOP of the best ideas, including all types and forms of business:

• Opening of a paintball club combined with a sporting goods store. Paintball as a sport is only gaining popularity in our country. Your investment will quickly pay for itself.
• Water attractions. This option is more suitable for residents of coastal cities, but in principle any body of water will do.
• Sale of elite varieties of tea or coffee.
• Cooking school. Creating a catering establishment is a risky endeavor; most restaurants and cafes close in the first six months. But the culinary training market still remains free.
• Science shows for children. A new type of entertainment that is in stable demand. The advantage is that you only need minimal capital.
• Sale of hookahs and electronic cigarettes. This market is developing very quickly and despite great competition there is still a lot of room for beginners.

Methods for acquiring private housing

Citizens of the Russian Federation have the right to purchase housing as private property by:

• privatization in accordance with the established procedure of occupied residential premises in houses of state and municipal housing stock;
• purchase and sale of housing, including through exchanges and auctions;
• housing construction, including construction by partnerships of individual developers;
• participation in housing and housing-construction cooperatives, condominiums;
• acquisitions by inheritance, as well as for other legal reasons.

The purchase or sale of housing must be secured by a purchase and sale agreement. Under a real estate purchase and sale agreement, the seller undertakes to transfer it into the ownership of the buyer. The form for concluding a contract for the sale of real estate is only written. The agreement is signed by the parties and is subject to state registration, from the moment of which the agreement is considered to have entered into force. The contract for the sale of real estate must stipulate the price of the object of sale.

The contract for the purchase and sale of real estate must contain data that makes it possible to definitely establish the real estate to be transferred to the buyer under the contract. In the absence of such data in the agreement, the condition on the real estate to be transferred is considered not agreed upon by the parties, and the corresponding agreement is considered not concluded.

The transfer of real estate by the seller and its acceptance by the buyer are accompanied by a document of transfer (usually a deed of transfer), which is signed by the parties. If the property, when accepted by the buyer, does not comply with the terms of the purchase and sale agreement, the seller is liable for improper performance of the agreement.

Ready-made solutions for all areas

Stores
Mobility, accuracy and speed of counting goods on the sales floor and in the warehouse will allow you not to lose days of sales during inventory and when receiving goods.

To learn more

Warehouses

Speed ​​up your warehouse employees' work with mobile automation. Eliminate errors in receiving, shipping, inventory and movement of goods forever.

To learn more

Marking

Mandatory labeling of goods is an opportunity for each organization to 100% exclude the acceptance of counterfeit goods into its warehouse and track the supply chain from the manufacturer.

To learn more

E-commerce

Speed, accuracy of acceptance and shipment of goods in the warehouse is the cornerstone in the E-commerce business. Start using modern, more efficient mobile tools.

To learn more

Institutions

Increase the accuracy of accounting for the organization’s property, the level of control over the safety and movement of each item. Mobile accounting will reduce the likelihood of theft and natural losses.

To learn more

Production

Increase the efficiency of your manufacturing enterprise by introducing mobile automation for inventory accounting.

To learn more

RFID

The first ready-made solution in Russia for tracking goods using RFID tags at each stage of the supply chain.

To learn more

EGAIS

Eliminate errors in comparing and reading excise duty stamps for alcoholic beverages using mobile accounting tools.

To learn more

Certification for partners

Obtaining certified Cleverence partner status will allow your company to reach a new level of problem solving at your clients’ enterprises.

To learn more

Inventory

Use modern mobile tools to carry out product inventory. Increase the speed and accuracy of your business process.

To learn more

Mobile automation

Use modern mobile tools to account for goods and fixed assets in your enterprise. Completely abandon accounting “on paper”.

Learn more Show all automation solutions

Grounds for property rights

Property rights are a set of legal norms that secure the assignment of things to individuals and groups.

In Russia, the grounds for acquiring property rights can be divided into primary and derivative.

Ownership arises:

• as a result of making a thing on your own from your own or ownerless materials;
• as a result of the use of property, for example, ownership of rental income or fruits grown on one’s own plot;
• as a result of the acquisition of property under a purchase and sale transaction, exchange, donation, privatization;
• as a result of receiving an inheritance;
• by the right of the first to find an ownerless thing, for example, a treasure;
• by right of prescription - 15 years for real estate and 5 years for other property.

Grounds for termination of ownership: refusal of the owner of the right of ownership, loss or destruction of property.

A person can be forcibly deprived of property rights by court - to pay off obligations, during confiscation, seizure, forced redemption.

According to the laws of the Russian Federation, the right of ownership includes three components: the right to own, use and dispose of a thing. Let's learn more about the essence of property rights.